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HEBREW  GRAMMAR, 


WITHOUT    POINTS: 


DESIGNED 

\ 

TO   FACILITATE  THE   STUDY 


OF    THE 


SCRIPTURES 


OF    TJH  E 


OLD     TESTAMENT, 
3[n  tfje  iDrigxnal ; 


AND  PARTICULARLY  ADAPTED  TO  THE  USE  OF  THOSE 
WHO  MATjJNOT  HAVE  INSTRUCTORS. 


BY   JOHN    SMITH,  A.M. 

Profeflbr  of  the  Learned  Languages,  at  Dartmouth  College. 


PUBLISHED    ACCORDING    TO    ACT    OF    CONGRESS. 


BOSTON: 

PRINTED    BY    DAVID    CARLISLE, 

For  JOHN  WEST,  No.  75,  Cornhill. 


1803. 


£)igtri&  of  Ji5etoljamp0i)ire— to  wit  $ 

BE  it  remembered,/^  on  the  fourth  day  of "January ,  in  the  twen- 
ty feventh  year  of  'the  Independence  of  the  United  States  of  America, 
JOHN  SMITH,  of  the  faid  D'tflriB,  hath  depofited  in  this  office  the 
title  of  a  Book,  the  right  whereof  he  claims  as  Author,  in  the  words 
following,  to  wit,  "  A  Hebrew  Grammar,  without  Points  :  defign- 
ed  to  facilitate  the  ftudy  of  the  Scriptures  of  the  Old  Teftament,  in 
the  original  ;  and  particularly  adapted  to  the  ufe  of  thofe  who  may 
not  have  Inftru&ors.  By  John  Smith,  a.  m.  ProfefTor  of  the 
Learned  Languages,  at  Dartmouth  College,"  in  conformity  to  the 
At!  of  the  Congrefs  of  the  United  States,  intituled  "  an  AB  for  the  en- 
couragement of  learning,  by  fecuring  the  copies  of  maps,  charts,  and 
boohs  to  the  Authors  and  Proprietors  of  fuch  copies  during  the  times 
therein  mentioned." 

JONA.  STEELE,  j  Cle;\rft  ?$** 

L  °f  Newhampfhtre. 
A  true  copy  of  Record, 
Attefl — Jona.  Steele,  Clerk. 


j  novo 
a) 


TO 


THE  LEARNED  AND  PIOUS 


OF  ALL  DESCRIPTIONS, 


PARTICULARLY 


C!)e  CE<2EK<Si> , 


IN    THE 


UNITED  STATES  OF  AMERICA, 


THIS  GRAMMAR  IS  RESPECTFULLY  INSCRIBED, 


By  their  Obedient, 


And  Humble  Servant, 


The  AUTHOR. 


CONTENTS. 


Page 
Sect.       I.  Of  Letters  and  Reading. 5 

II.   Of  the  Divifion  of  Letters. -  _  - 7 

III.  Of  Words    and  their  Divifion 8 

IV.  Of  Nouns  ;    Regimen  ;    Comparifon    of  Adjec- 

tives ;  the  Declenfion  of  Nouns,  £f7V.  -----     g 

V.  Of  Prefixes. -  -  -  -  . r . * - .  -  .  -  14 

VI.  Of  Pronouns. ---- - 15 

VII.  Of  Suffixes. - 16 

VIII.  Of  Verbs  ;   Declenfion  of  regular  Verbs  ;    Ger- 
unds, &C.     - ig 

IX.   Of  Irregular  Verbs. 23 

X.  Of  Verbs  with  Suffixes 35 

XI.  Of  the  Verb  W;  reduplicative,    and  pluriliteral 

Verbs.  -------------------------  36 

XII.  Of  Particles. - r ib. 

XIII.  Syntax.  - -  -  - 37 

XIV.  Grammatical   Figures. --  41 

XV.  Directions  for  finding  the  Root  in  Hebrew  Lexi- 
cons.  _. 42 

Grammatical  Exercifes.  -----~  ---------------  44 

Remarks  on  the  Reading  of  Hebrew.  ---=-- --  54 


— sSe 


HEBREW   GRAMMAR. 


SECTION    r. 

OF    LETTERS    AND    READING. 

i.  The  Letters  in  Hebrew  are  twenty   two,   of 
which  the  following  table  fhows 


The  Names,  i 

Form. 

Num. 
I 

Aleph 
Beth 

K 

S 

2 

Gimel 

y 

3 

Daleth 

1 

4 

He 

n 

5 

Vau 

i 

6 

Zain 

r 

7 

Heth 

n 

8 

Teth 

D 

9 

Yod 

•» 

lO 

Caph 

5 

20 

Lamed 

S 

3° 

Mem 

12 

40 

Nun 

J 

<?0 

Shamech 

D 

6o 

Oin 

V 

70 

Pe 

s 

80 

Zhaddi 

¥ 

90 

Quoph 

V 

100 

Res 

n 

200 

Sin 

V 

300 

Tau 

n 

400 

Finals. 

Dilat. 

Sirnil. 

Sound  or  Power. 

A,  as  in  all. 

5 

B. 

■ 

11 

G  hard,  as  in  £0,  give. 
D. 

n 

nn 

E,  as  in  me. 

vf 

U,  or  0  in  iomb  ;   or  the 

1 

Z.                  [French  ou. 

n 

H. 

DD 

Th,  or  the  Greek  0. 

1 

I  /<?/#,  or  the  Greek  «. 

15°° 

S 

K  ;  or  c  hard,  as  in  cs/^. 
L. 

D  600 

a* 

D 

M. 

f  7°° 

D 

N. 
Sh. 

5?  v 

0  long,  as  in  cold,  ore. 

r^  Soo 

P. 

^900! 

Zh,  or  x  in  treafure. 

1 

Qu;attheendofavvord,i, 
S. 

n 

nn 

T. 

*  InNeh.  II.  13.  ran  isufedfor  Dn  :  and  in  Ifai  IX.  7.  rr^nC 
for  m-iob. 

f  Thoufands  may  be  exprefTed  by  a  perpendicular  ftroke,  dn 


rawn 


over  the  following  letters,  *,  a,  >,  %  n,  >,  r,  n,  B  :  as,  *,  isco  :  i 

2000,  &c.  '    3 

B 


6  A  HEBREW  GRAMMAR. 

2.  Oi-  the  Hebrew  letters  five  are  vowels  ;  viz.  fr, 
H,  %  %  &  j?  :  all  the  reft  are  confonants.* 

3.  Hebrew  is  read  from  the  right  hand  to  the  left. 

4.  When  two  confonants  come  together,  without 
any  of  the  five  vowels  intervening,  pronounce  them, 
as  if  a  fhort  e  flood  between  them  f :  thus,  ""On  is 
pronounced  deber  ;  Ips,  pequed, 

5.  The  textual  J  vowels  muft  always  be  pronoun- 
ced long  and  flrong  ;  but  the  fupplied  one,  fhort  and 
quick  ;  as,  ">£W,  dser  ;  "VOI,  debir.  - 

6.  A  full  flop,  in  Hebrew,  is  exprefTed  thus  (:)  §. 

7.  When  two  or  more  vowels  come  together,  they 
are  not  to  coalefce  in  diphthongs,  but  mufl  be  pro- 
nounced diftincHy  ;  as,  VD,  beo,  not  beu  :  nin>,  leoey 
four  diflincl:  fyl  tables. 

8.  Illuflration  of  the  foregoing  rules,  in  reading. 

Genesis,  Chap*  I.  Verfes  1,2,  &  3. 

pKrn  jpan  r\Ki  own  hk  d^k  ma  ;r»uwo 
:  nw  vrn  nw  w  d^hSk  newi  ?  cjnfci  *&  Sp 

Pronounced  thus  : 

Brasit  bra  Aleim  at  esmlm  oat  earczh.  Oearezh 
cite  teo  obeo  ohesk  51  pen!  teom  oroh  Aleim  mer- 
hepet  61  pen!  emim.     Oiamer  Aleim  lei    aor   oiel 

aor.|| 

*  To  write  the  Hebrew  letters  frequently  is  the  bell  way  to 
make  them  familiar  to  the  learner. 

f  When  two  confonants,  joined  with  a  vowel  either  preceding 
or  following,  will  form  an  eafy  found,  it  is  be'it  to  run  them  both 
into  one  fyllable  :  for  in'lance,  pronounce  ill*,  orb;  N~Q,  bra. 
This   is  nearly  the  fame  as  to  pronounce  the  fupplied  vowel  very 

fhort. 

X  The  textual  vowels  are  the  five  mentioned,  No.  2. 
§    No  other  ilop  i*  ufed  in  moll  unpointed  books. 
j|   A,  with  tins  ( '"" )  placed  over  it,    is  pronounced  broad,  as  in 
all:  Of  with  it,  like  oo,  or  as  in  t&mb. 


A  HEBREW  GRAMMAR.  7 

Proverbs,  Chap.  I.  Verfes  i,  2,  3,  4. 

*ididi  ftpsn  njnS  s  bmttfi  iSd  -in  p  hdS#  •>?#£ 

ttsgnsi   tw   fetffl  *OT   nnp^  ;  M^a   now  |>3nS 

:  n&na  ny-i  ny:S  rimy  owns*?  nnS  \  pntw 

Pronounced  thus  : 

Mesli  Sclme  ben  Dod  melk  lsral.  Ledot  hekme 
omosher  lebiri  amri  bine.  Lequehet  mosher  eskel 
zhedek  omespeth  omesrim.  Letet  leptaim  orme 
lenor  d5t  omezme. 

Zephaniah,  III.  8. 

rpoaS  iBBtTO  ^  nyS  nap  d^S  mrp  qnj  *>S  i^n  jtS 
•>sk  pin  S5  •>»}??  p»t»Sj;  istpS  d*oSdd  vj^ps  Dna 

;  pan  ^  Ssan  *>n*op  pas  td 

Pronounced  thus : 

Lekcn  heko  II  nam  leoe  Horn  quomi  lod  ki  mespethi 
lashop  goim  lequebzhi  memelkot  lespek  oljem  zomi 
kel  heron  api  ki  bas  quenati  takel  kel  earczh. 


S  E  C  T  I  O  N    II. 

OF    THE    DIVISION    OF    LETTERS. 

i.  Befide  the  common  divifion  of  letters  into  vow- 
els and  confonantsy  they  are,  in  Hebrew,  divided  into 
radicals  and  ferviles. 

2.  A  rddix  or  root  is  a  fimple  word,  ufually  con- 
fiding of  three  letters,  from  which  other  words  ar;; 
derived  j  as  Ips,  be  vifited  ;  "Q>%  he  ferved, 


8  A  HEBREW  GRAMMAR. 

3.  Radical  letters  are  thofe  which  always  make 
part  of  a  radix  or  root. 

4.  Servile  letters  are  thofe  which  ferve  for  the  va- 
riation of  the  root,  by  gender,  number,  per/on.  Sec, 
and  for  particles. 

5.  The  fervile  letters  are  eleven,  viz.  N,  D,  n,  \ 

\  5,  S,  d,  J>,  p,  n. 

6.  The  other  eleven  letters  are  radical ;  except 
D  and  1  when  ufed  for  n.* 

7.  Although  the  radical  letters  are  never  fervile,f 
yet  the  fervile  letters  are  often  radical^  or  make  part 
of  a  root. 


SECTION    III. 

OF    WORDS    AND    THEIR    DIVISION. 

i.  Words  in  Hebrew  may  be  divided  into  three 
kinds,  viz.  Nouns,  Verbs,  and  Particles. 

2.  A  noun  is  the  name  of  a  fubflance,  or  of  a 
quality  ;  as,  \y,  a  tree  ;  DID,  good. 

3.  A  verb  exprefles  the  aclion  or  Jlate  of  a  being, 
or  thing  ;  as,  CD^D^K  nfcWt,  ##</  G0J  y#/V/  ; 
CD^Ct^M  *lyy*\  and  the  heavens  were  Jinijhed. 

4.  Particles  denote  the  connexion,  relation,  dif- 
tinction,  emphafis,  oppofition,  &c.  or,  in  a  word? 
the  circumftances  of  one's  thoughts  \  as,  and,  but, 
with,  or,  although. 

"  1         .  1    1  r  1  ■  ■ 

*  See  Sect.  YI1J,.  No.  12.        fExcept  15,  &p.  as  in  No.  6. 


A  HEBREW  GRAMMAR. 


SECTION    IV. 

.OF    NOUNS   ;     REGIMEN  ;    COMPARISON    OF     ADJEC- 
TIVES ;    THE    DECLENSION    OF    NOUNS,    &C. 

i.  A  noun  is  either  fubfiantive,  or  adjeclive. 

2.  A  noun  fubjlantive  is  the  name  of  a  fubftance  ; 
as,  jU%  a  tooth  ;  U^K,  a  man  ;  Sp^,  Jacob  :  or  of 
a  quality i  aclion,  pajfton,  or  Jiate  of  a  being,  or 
thing,  confidered  abftra&edly  ;  as,  TD5,  glory  ; 
TS&?2,  Jhame. 

3.  A  noun  adjeclive,  fo  called  becaufe  adjeclitious, 
or  added  to  a  fubftantive,  denotes  fome  quality  or  ac- 
cident of  the  fubftantive  to  which  it  is  joined  ;  as, 
*9*IJ,  great  ;  SIB,  good*  Thus,  in  the  phrafes,  "irD 
Via,  #  graz/  book,  and  £^K  2^3,  #  good  man,  great 
and  £O0<f  are  adjectives* 

4.  Nouns,  in  Hebrew,  as  in  Englijh,  are  not  de- 
clined by  cafes,  or  by  changes  made  upon  their  ter- 
minations, to  exprefs  the  relation  of  one  thing  to 
another,  as  nouns  in  Latin  and  Greek  are. 

5.  In  Hebrew,  nouns  are  of  two  genders,  mafcu- 
line  and  feminine  ;  and  of  two  numbers,  fingular 
and  plural. 

6.  Mod  Hebrew  nouns  not  ending  in  J"!  or  n  are 
mafculine  ;  thofe  which  do  end  in  T\  or  n  are  usual- 
ly feminine* 

7.  The  feminine  fingular  may  be  formed  from  the 


**Some  mafculine  nouns  fingular,  derived  from  verbs  Lamed  He, 
end  in  n*     N.  B.  They  always  throw  away  n  before  C3\ 


jo  A  HEBREW  GRAMMAR. 

mafculine,  by  fuffixing  h  or  n  ;  as,  DVO,  good9  mafc. 

H^Vd  or  nD^D,  fern.* 

8.  Names  of  females,  proper  names  of  places,  cit- 
ies, countries  ;  and  of  parts  or  members  of  the  hu- 
man body,  &c.  are  feminine,  though  of  a  mafculine 
termination. 

9.  Cardinal  numerals  from  three  to  ten  are  mafcu- 
line with  a  feminine  termination,  and  feminine  with 
a  mafculine  termination. 

10.  Nouns  ending  in  1  take  n  only  for  the  femi- 
nine; as,  vtSD,v.(i»  Egyptian  man;  n^'D,  an  Egyp- 
tian woman  ;  alfo,  when  a  letter  is  dropped,  the  fem- 
inine ends  in  n  ;  as,  p,  a  fon,  rD,  a  daughter •,  (J 
being  dropped)  ,  in** 9  one,  nnK,  feminine,  (1  being 
dropped.) 

1 1 .  The  plural  of  mafculine  nouns  is  formed  by 
adding  O*1,  and  fometimes  only  C3,  to  the  fingular  ; 
as,    fing.    iSd,    a  king  ;    plur.    ED'oSfc  <?r    ZD^Sp, 

12.  The  plural  of  feminine  nouns  is  formed  by  ad- 
ding n*i  or  n  to  the  fingular ;  as  pK,  &  land  ;  plur. 
rOtflK  or  H5HK,  lands  :  or  by  changing  n  into  ni 
cr  H  5  as,  I"HV\,  #  /#w  ;  plur.  HTW  <?r  HTin,  /tfmr  : 
or  by  retaining  n  of  the  fingular,  or  by  changing  it 
into  n*i ;  as,  n*Utt,  #  /<?/ter  ;  plur.  rPUK  or  JVPUtf ,  letters, 

13.  Feminine  nouns  fingular  in  rfi  form  the  plu- 
ral by    m^  or  ni ;  as,    fing.  ninK,  <z  ,^/fer  ;    plur, 

nwtf  <?r  r\*>r\x,  Jijlers. 


*  Not  only  feminine  fub/lantives  fingular,  but  feminine  adjetlives 
and  participles  fing.  often  end  in  n,  in  the  abfolute  ftate.  For 
the  definition  of  the  abfolute  ftate,  fee  No.  19. 

f  It  is  matter  of  notoriety,  that,  by  means  of  the  points, 
Vau  and  Yod  have  been  often  dropped  from  the  plural  :  thejr 
ought,  however,  to  be  reilored,  where  the  analogy  of  the  Hebrew 
language  requires  them. 


A  HEBREW  GRAMMAR*  ti 

14.  Some  feminine  nouns  have  moreover  another 
plural  termination,  formed  by  changing  fl  into  O^n 
or  D\H*l  ;  as,  fiDm,  #  damfel  ;  plur.  a^ncm  or 
OWiom,  dam/eh* 

15.  Numeral  adjectives,  from  #/?£  to  te»  inclufively, 
though  fingular  in  form,  take  a  plural  fubflantive  ; 
as,  D"Ot2  J^tf,  /awr  ^rj.  rj^K,  #  thoufand,  fol- 
lows this  cond ruction.  All  other  numeral  adjectives, 
though  plural  in  form,  take  a  fingular  fubRantive  j 
as,  nigj  ED^S-lK,  forty  years, 

16.  The  mafculine  plural  termination  added  to  the 
cardinal  numerals  from  three  to  nine  inclufively,  in- 
creafes  their  number  tenfold.  Twenty  is  exprefled 
by  the  numeral  ten,  "lUty,  in  the  mafculine  plural. 

17.  Sometimes  cardinal  numerals  feem  to  be  ufed 
as  fubflantives  fingular  in  regimen  or  conjiruclion  ;\ 
as,    DW  hCHS^   three  days    (a  trinity  of  days)  ; 
EDV^  mt£ty,  fc/z  ^j  (a  decade  of  days.) 

18.  When  two  fubflantives  come  together,  figni- 
fying  different  things,  the  former  ©f  them  is  in  regi- 
men or  conjiruclion  ;  as,  !TW  "DT,  the  word-of  Je- 
hovah.§     Here   "Dt  is  in  regimen, 

19.  Words  are  faid  to  be  abfolute,  when  they  are 
not  in  regimen  or  conjiruclion, 

20.  Adjectives  and  participles,  coming  before  fub- 
flantives, are  alfo  frequently  in  regimen. 


*  The  feminine  plural,  formed  by  changing  n  into  Ea^n,  is 
fometimes  dual ;  as,  t^rou?,  two  years.  Gen.  XL  10.  XLI.  1. — - 
E^rttDX,  two  cubits,  Exod.  XXV.  IO  and  17. — OTIND,  two  meaf- 
itrest  I  Kings,  XVIII.  32. — tD^nNtt,  two  hundred,  Gen.  XI.  19 
and  32. 

f  For  the  definition  of  thefe  terms,  fee  No.  18.  Alfo  No. 
21.      Note  firft. 

§  When  a  word  is  in  regimen,  of  is  joined  to  its  Englifh  ;  not 
to  that  of  the  following  word  :  as,  the  word-of  Jehovah  ;  lot 
the  word  of- Jehovah. 


12  A  HEBREW  GRAMMAR. 

21.  Mafculine  nouns  fingular  fuffer  no  change  lit 
regimen*  ;  but  in  the  plural  they  drop  their  ED  -y  as* 
tHK  "O^D,  kings-of  a  country.^ 

22.  Nouns  feminine  fingular  ending  in  ft,  when  in 
regimen,  change  their  !"t  into  n  ;  as,  hVT»  HWi. 
Other  feminine  nouns  fingular,  as  alfo  feminines 
plural  in  m   and  n,  fuffer  no  change  in  regimen. 

23.  All  nouns  with  fuffixes  are  in  regimen\ 

24.  The  Comparative  degree  in  Hebrew  is  made 
by  |D  <?r  D,  thus,  t^SnQ  t2*fti^fwe&#  than  hon- 
ey (fweet  in  comparifon  of  honey.) 

25^  The  fuperlative  is  formed  by  "IKE,  very  ;  as, 
IKE  13113,  i^ry  #00*/ :  by  repeating  an  adjective ;  as, 
aiD  SID,  /£?  be/i9  or  wry  g<30</  (g°°d  good)  :  or, 
by  the  fame  or  a  fynonymous  word  repeated,  the 
former  being  in  regimen  ;  as,  *Dj?  O'HDyr,  a  mojt 
abjecl  Jlave   (fervant  of  fervants). 

26.  One  of  the  names  of  God  is  fometimes  pla- 
ced after  the  noun,  fome  quality  of  which  is  to  be 
exprefled  in  the  fuperlative  ;  as,  vN  inK,  the  loftieji, 
or  very  lofty  cedars  (cedars  of  God§). 

27.  Mafculine  nouns  are  thus  declined  : 

PLURAL.  SINGULAR. 


Conftrufted.    |      Abfolute. 
*i:n      n^ai  or  cnn 


Conftro&ed.     I    Abfolute. 

*Ett  *»:n,  a  word. 


*  Words  are  faid  to  be  conJlruFted,  when  they  are  in  regimen. 

■j*  Some  feminines  plural  end  in  O*  ;  as,  Q^i,  wives,  tD^772;t» 
(be  camels,  Xo>^,Jhe  goats,  tz^W^'D,  concubines.  Such  feminines 
plural,  like  mafculines,  drop  CD  in  regimen,  as  do  feminines 
plural  in  Cd'Tj  and  OTVu  Alfo  fome  feminine  nouns  fingular 
end  in  other  letters  befide  n  and  n.     See  No.  8. 

X  See  Seft.  VII.  No.  3.  Note. 

§  In  the  book  of  Jonah,  Chap.  Hi.  ver.  3.  Nineveh  is  called 
CS^nS^H  n^Vta  TP,  an  exceedingly  great  city  (a  city  great  t© 
God).  In  the  fame  manner,  Mofes  is  called  by  Saint  Stephen* 
A6ls,  VII.   20.  »<?uo<;  tw  Qw}  exceedingly  fair  (fair  to  God). 


A  HEBREW  GRAMMAR.  13 

28.  Feminine  nouns  ending  in  ft  are  thus  declined : 


PLURAL. 


SINGULAR. 


Conftru&ed. 

npi¥  or  nipiv 


Abfolute. 

npix  or  rnpnx 


Conftructed, 

npnx 


Abfolute. 

npnar, 

29.  Feminine  nouns  ending  in  n  are  thus  declined : 
max  or  ni-dK  I  maK  or  nin^K  |  max    |  max,  a  Utter. 

30.  Feminine  nouns  in  Hi  are  thus  declined  : 
1WN  or  nvna  I  rvnK  or  nvnK  I  mnN  |  nina,  a  ^r. 

EXCEPTIONS. 


31.     MikI 


raw  or  rniNf 


taTrK 

t3\5S 


C3^ 

n  ws  or  nvs,  d*s 


-I 

van 


iK,     a  father. 
T7K,  a  brother. 

[/aw. 

—  a  father-in* 

—  waters. 
775,     #  mouth. 


32.  Adjectives  and  participles  are  liable  to  all  the 
changes  to  which  fubftantives  are.  They  are  thus 
declined  : 


SINGULAR. 

fern,  cons. 

I 

fern.  abs. 

mafc.  abs. 

and  cons. 

n-| 

n-  or  n-  J 

PLURAL. 

Si  tt,  good. 

fern.  cons. 

1 

fern.  abs.             mafc. 

cons. 

mafc.  abs. 

r\-  or  m- 

I 

n-  or  m-  J 

v| 

Q>. 

*  It  often  happens,  that  nouns  have  a  feminine  termination  in 
the  Angular,  and  a  mafculine  termination  in  the  plural,  according 
to  this  example  :  fuch  nouns,  derived  from  verb*  Lamed  He,  arc 
mafculine.  The  reverfe  alfooccurr. 

c 


i4  A  HEBREW  GRAMMAR. 


SECTION    V. 


OF    PREFIXES. 

i.  Thefe  feven  ferviles  3,  Ji,  %  2,  7,  0,  and  t# 
are  called  prefixes,  becaufe  they  are  often  -prefixed 
to  words. 

2.  2  fignifies  /«  ;  (alfo,  into,  within,  among,  when, 
to,  at,  againfl,  with,  concerning,  of,  by,  for,  on  ac- 
count of,  towards,  upon,  above,  according  to)  :  as, 
yi$,  righteoufnefs  ;  p"l2fD,  in  righteoufnefs. 

3.  T\  is  demonftrative,  vocative,  or  relative  ;  and, 
when  prefixed  to  nouns,  fignifies  the,  that,  or  0  ; 
when  prefixed  to  verbs  and  participles,  who,  which, 
&c.  and  it  is  fometimes  interrogative,  or  a  note  of 
admiration  :  as,  17D,  a  king  ;  l^El"!,  the,  or  that, 
or  0  king.     It  is  frequently  emphatic. 

4.  *\  fignifies  and  ;  (as  alfo,  but,  notwithstanding, 
that,  or,  nor,  even,  when,  to  wit,  fo,  alfo,  although  * 
feeing  that,  then,  becaufe,  if)  :  as,  *pD,  a  king  ; 
17D%  and  a  king. 

5.  5  fignifies  as  ;  (alfo,  like,  according  to,  when)  : 
as,  \y,  a  tree  ;   \y5,  as  a  tree. 

6.  7  fignifies  to,  of,  for  ;  (and  until,  upon,  with, 
at,  about,  from,  in,  into,  unto,  on  account  of,  after, 
according  to,  before,  with).  Thus,  17D,  a  king  ; 
"|7D7,  to  or  of  a  king.  N7  fometfmes  denotes  pof- 
feflion  or  property  ;  as,  Oft  *>7,  afcy  dr<?  ;;«V,  (funt 
mihi). 

7.  tt  fignifies  from  ;  (out  of,  in,  among,  by  or 
near,  by  means  of,  becaufe  of,  in  comparifon  of,  a- 
gainft,  before,  not,  left)  :  as,  ITj,  a  mountain;  nUE. 
from  a  mountain. 


A  HEBREW  GRAMMAR.  15 

8.  $}  fignifies  who  or  which  ;  (becaufe,  that,  for, 
when)  :  as,  W&\  he  jhall  take  ;  ?n*v#,  who  mall 
take.* 


SECTION    VI. 


OF    PRONOUNS. 


i.  Under  nouns,  in  Hebrew,  are  comprehended 
pronouns,  fo  called,  becaufe  they  ftand  (pro  nominibus) 
infteadof  nouns, 

1.  Grammarians  divide  pronouns  into  feveral 
kinds  ;  as,  primitive,  pojfejjive,  demonjirative,  relative, 
and  interrogative. 

3.  Primitive  pronouns  are  diftinguifhed  into  three 
perfins.  The  Jirft  perfon  fingular  is  "OK,  *>5JK,  or 
*>nK,  /,  and  me  :  plural,  \3K,  f  *^niK,  we  and  us. 

The  fecond  perfon  fingular  is  J  nntf,  §  nN,  or  inK, 
/£##  and  /^  :  plural,  SDHK  or  CD^nK  (mafculine),  ye 
and  jo#  /  jntt,  fiJntt,  or  pnK  (feminine),  ^  and  you. 

The  third  perfon  lingular  is  NVl,  /^,  K*»n  or  NVT, 
yZ>£  :  plural,  an  or  n^M  (generally  mafculine), 
they  ;  JH  or  HiH  (generally  feminine),  /£^y. 

4.  Fragments  of  the  primitive  pronouns,  as  *>  from 
MK,  13  from  *onJK,||  joined  to  the  end  of  nouns,  fup- 


*  When  the  prefixes  are  applied  in  any  manner  not  noted  here, 
an  attentive  reader  will  be  at  no  lofs  for  their  fignification. 

f  We  rarely  find'onj,  fori:n3K+       %  Mafculine.       §  Feminine. 

||  Thus,  from  "jDN,  fingular y  O^nK,  mafculine  plural,  pHM 
feminine  plural,  are  taken  *j,  hd,  and  o,  thee  aad  thy  ;  OD,    yen 


i6  A  HEBREW  GRAMMAR. 

ply  the  place  of  pqffeffive  pronouns,  and  are  called 
fuffixes.     See  the  next  Se&ion. 

5.  The  demonjlrative  pronouns,  in  Hebrew,  are* 
ru,  nr,  %  nw,  ?Sn,  vSn,  and  r\hft9  Angular, 
this  or  that  :  Sk  or  fiStf,  plural,  thefe.\ 

6.  The  relative,  *1£W,  ?t^0,  which,  that,  is  maf- 
culine  and  feminine  ;  fingular  and  plural. 

7.  The  interrogatives  are  •>£,  w#0,  HID, J  wA^/, 
com.  fingular  and  plural. 


SECTION    VII. 
OF  SUFFIXES. 

I.       SUFFIXES    WITH    A    MASCULINE    NOUN. 


iftPerfonjCOmm°rif\nS 
J  com. 

"1  com. 

2d  Perfon  >  mafc. 
j  fern. 

Jmafc. 
/ 
male, 
fern. 

,■  ..■■■■»^    I    I  I  II    ■     —  -■■■■-  ■  ■     ■■!     ■       ■■  ■    ■  ■■—     ■■■  ■■!■!■■  ■       I        I  -....■——..     Uli         I-  .  ■       ■»    —  -       ■*    —      ...i.     ■    .  I  ,  .  ,.M 

and  joar,  mafc.  p,  you  and  jo«r,  feminine.  From  Nin  #«*/  NTT, 
fingular,  are  taken  1,  n,  in,  £iwz  and  his  ;  n,  ^r,  &c. 

From  csrr  ««J  n72T7,  plural  mafculine,  are  taken  &,  ton, 
and  172,  *&?m  and  their,  mafculine.  From  }n  #«</  nsn,  plural  fem- 
inine, are  taken  ],  \r\,  them  and  their,  feminine.  Parts  of  the  prim- 
itive pronouns,  prefixed  or  fuffixed,  alfo  form  the  perfons,  and  dif- 
tinguifh  the  tenfes  of  verbs.  Thus,  from  •ok,  N  prefixed  forms 
the  firft  perfon  fingular  future  :  from  >riN,  Tl  fuffixed,  the  firfl, 
perfon   fingular  preter  or  paft,  &c.  N 

*  See  Ezekiel  XLVII.   13.     n3  occurs  in  feverai  places. 

■f  nbN  denotes  the  nearer,  and  on  the  mcr*  remote  ;  as?  /»?" 
ct  i//i,  in  Latin  ;  thefe  and  thofe,  in   Englifh. 

J  Generally,  *£  relates  to  perfons,  and  n»,    to  things, 

j  Feminine.     J|  Gen. 1. 21.     ^Gen.lV.4.    **  Job, XXXIX.  2. 


SINGULAR. 

ian,     a     word. 

fing. 

^1*T,     »y>   word. 

plur. 

ir»:n,    o«r   word. 

fing. 

J^,  n2,  '■pun,    %  word. 

plur. 

CDin,  ^oi/r  word. 

plur. 

pia*Ti  your  word. 

fing. 

m,  n,  mi,    ^/V  word. 

fing. 

n^m,    her  word. 

plur. 

jjton,  1)3,  toW,  their  word. 

plur. 

5[}n,  **ni  pit,  their  word. 

A  HEBREW  GRAMMAR. 


*7 


ift  Perfon 


} 


com. 
com. 


PLURAL. 

O^in,         words. 

^i:n,   my  words. 

Will,  our  words. 

*\3,  1^11,  thy  word*. 

tD^niri, your  words. 

f  H33,  p*l!TT>  .y©«r  words. 

»m,  inn,  £«  words. 

^NH,  rrv-an,  her  words. 

IE,  Qnnai,  their  words. 

Jj^lll,  their  words. 

(my)  is  fuffixed  to  a  plural  noun, 
that  noun  ufually  lofes  it  own  %  or  rather  the  two 
Yods  coalefce  into  one  ;  as,  'HDI,  my  words,  for  **p"7. 

3.  SUFFIXES    WITH    A    FEMININE    NOUN. 

PLURAL. 


~)  com. 
2d  Perfon  Lmafc. 
J  fern. 

imafc. 
fern. 

2.  When  *» 


fing. 
plur. 

fing. 
plur. 
plur. 
fing. 

fog- 
plur. 

plur. 


SINGULAR. 

mm,  a  law. 

"min,  my  law,  €om. 

13  nil  n,  our  law,  com. 

"j mm,  thy  law,  com. 

Cp^niin,  your  law,  mafc. 

pmin,  jyottr  law,  fern. 

in  Yin,  his  law. 
nmin,  her  law. 
Camm,  /^/rlaw,mafc. 

jniin,  their  law,  fern. 


miin,or  rather  E3Wiin,laws. § 
W11H,   wzy  laws,  com. 
I^nimn,  our  laws,  com. 
•^nvnn,  thy  laws,  com. 
CD^nilin,  your  laws,  mafc. 
p^nviin,  your  laws,  fern. 
vmnn,  />//  laws. 
♦rnwin,  her  laws. 
tDrrnmn,  their  laws,  mafc. 
infllilH)  /Z>«'r  laws,   fern. 

4.  Mafculine  nouns  ending  in  n  throw  away  rt 
before  the  fuffixes,  and,  for  a  fuffix  of  the  third 
perfon  mafculine  fingular,  take  VI  ;  as,  J"6y,  #  to/*; 
inSp,  his  leaf.  II  , 

*  Feminine.         f  Ezek.    XIII.   20.         J  Ezek.   XLI   15. 

§  Let  it  be  remembered*  that  all  nouns  with  fuffixes  are  in  reg- 
imen, according  to  Seel.  IV.  No.  23.  For  the  reception  of 
the  fuffixes,  ta  of  the  mafc.  plural  termination  C,  and  of  the 
feminine  plural  termination  tD\n  or  cm  (fee  Sect.  IV.  No. 
14.)  is  thrown  away  :  n  terminating  a  feminine  noun  fingular 
mult  be  changed  into  n.  N.  B.  Feminines  plural,  with  fuffixes, 
ufually  take  the  termination  mentioned,  Sect.  IV.  No.  14. 

|)  Such  nouns  do  not  change  n  into  n  in  regimen.  See  Sect, 
IV.  No.  31. 


i8 


A  HEBREW  GRAMMAR. 


5.  DK,  a  father,  HK,  a  brother ,  C3H,  a  father-in* 
law,  113,  #  mouth,  fingular  with  fuffixes,  imitate 
the  plural  ;*    as,  YOtt,   /&&  father  ;  V>S,  his  mouth* 

6.  The  conjunction  of  a  prefix,  or  a  particle, 
with  a  fuffix,  ferves  to  fupply  the  want  of  cafes 
in  the  primitive  pronouns  : 

AS, 

*h,  to  or  of  me,  com. 


*h9  /o  or  0/  him. 
Jl%  /o  or  of  her. 
1%  /o  or  of  thee,  com. 
ED51?,  /o  or  of  you,  mafc. 
p1?,  to  or  of  you,  fern. 
1J7,  /o  or  ^  us,  com. 
IDS,  DJlS,  /o  or     0/ 
them,  mafc.  - 
JH7,  to  or    of   them,  7 
fem.  &c.      3 


•O,  *«  me,  com. 

*D,  zVz  him. 

TO,  in  her. 

ID,  /«  thee,  com. 

\3D,  z#-  us,  com. 
CD5S,  /#  you, mafc.  &c. 
ViK,  wi/A  me,  com. 
1HK,  w/7£  him  ;  him. 
•ODD  or  *OD,  yro/«  me. 
1JDD,  /row  us,  &c. 


7.  Particles  frequently  take  fuffixes  ;  fome,  like 
nouns  fingular ;  others,  like  nouns  plural  ;  and  a 
few,  like  verbs  ;t  as,  i*?K,  to  me,  com.  "py,  with 
thee,  com.  1JEJJ,  w/7£  us,  com.  I^by,  concerning  us, 
com.  3IWO,  between  them,  mafc.  I^K,-  /o  him, 
\3^K,  wo/  he,   or   him  4  ^J,1,  behold  me,  or  I. 

8.  Sometimes  a  prefix,  a  particle,  and  a  fuffix  are  all 
joined  together  ;  as,  1HKE  (  E  a  prefix,  nK  a  parti- 
cle, and  1  a  fuffix)  from  him  :  1TIJJ2,  while  I  have  a 
being. 

9.  II  is  called  local,  when  adhering  to  the  end  of 
nouns  it  fignifies  to,  towards,  &c.  as,  Q%  the  weft, 
or  /Ztf  ^,  Jin*,  /o  or  towards  the  wejl,  he.  Olp, 
/£<?  ^,  fifclp,  towards  the  eafi  :  onxe,  -Egjpf, 
nB'HXE,  towards  Egypt. 


*  Thefe  alfo  take   s  after  them  in  the  fing.  in  regimen.     See 
Seft.  IV.  No.  31.  t  See  Sea.  X.  No.  1. 


A  HEBREW  GRAMMAR.  19 


SECTION    VIII. 

OF     VERBS    \     DECLENSION     OF     REGULAR     VERBS  ; 

GERUNDS,    &C. 

i.  In  Hebrew,  verbs  are    varied  by  conjugations, 
voices,  modes,  tenfes,  numbers,    perfons,  and  genders, 

2.  Hebrew  verbs  have  three  conjugations. 

3.  The  old  example  of  a  regular  Hebrew  verb 
was  Hys-,  whence  are  taken  the  following  grammat- 
ical terms  :  Niphal,  the  paffive  voice  of  the  firft  con- 
jugation, /.  e.  SysJ  ;  Hiphil,  the  active  voice  of  the 
fecond  conjugation,  u  e.  H^ysn  ;  Hophal,  the  paf" 
five  voice  of  the  fecond  conjugation,  /.  e.  Sjjsn  ; 
and  Hithpael,  the  third  conjugation,  /'.  e.  Sysntt. 
N.  B.  The  Hebrew  words,  in  thefe  injlances,  are  pro- 
nounced according  to  the  Maforetical  points, 

4.  The  active  voice  of  the  firft  conjugation  is  called 
Kal  (H'p,  light  J,  becaufe,  in  the  preter,  it  is  burdened 
with  no  letter  at  the  beginning. 

5.  The  fignification  of  a  verb  in  Kal  is  ufually  ac- 
tive, or  neuter  ;  as,  1p2,  he  vifited  :  it  is,  however, 
fometimes  paffive.  Niphal  is  the  paflive  of  Kal : 
but  verbs  in  Niphal  fometimes  have  an  active  fignifi- 
cation. 

6.  Verbs  in  Hiphil  generally  fignify  to  caufe  anoth- 
er to  do  a  thing  ;  as,  l^pBjl,  he  caufe d  another  to  vif 
it.  Hiphil  has  fometimes  the  fignification  of  Kal. 
Hophal  is  the  paffive  of  Hiphil  ;  and  fignifies  to  be 
caufed  to  do,  or  to  be  done  ;  as,  TPSj"T,  be  was  made 
to  vifit. 

7.  A  verb  in  Hithpael  commonly  fignifies  to  a& 
upon  one's  felf  ;  as,  "Ipsnn,  he  made  h wife If  to  vifit* 
It  has,  fometimes,  a  paflive  fignification. 

8.  Regular  Hebrew  verbs  are  conjugated  and  de- 
clined according  to  the  following  example  : 


20 


A  HEBREW  GRAMMAR. 


PRETER       TENSE. 


CI 

r 


s 

o 

>J     sS    >    - 
•3    3»  •"** 


35  2- *§-•?*  J 


M 


<  £ 


?.    E> 


*> 


3   ? 


a  «  9  5 

IS.  Hi-  A-  IS- 

tr  r  C  *~ 

n  c  c 


fl    fl    A    A 
Pl.  IS-  IS-  12- 
t~    l~    t~    f 

C  C  £ 


FUTURE 


G 
O 

to 

3 


o 


Q 


°^>  S»    5    o 

Z    ^S$'~ 


10 


c  c  X 


p-«  sis 

*  i~  r  r 


<! 

Z 
to 


ri    r\    r\    r\ 

A    A    A    A 
|S-  IS-  IS.  IS.     • 

r-  i~  *~  r-   J 

■a 

p. 


ri  O  r%  rt 
A  A  A  A 
IS.  IS-  IS-  IS- 

i-  j-  j-  r- 

*■  c  c  2 


fl 


erf 

o 

z 

CO 


A  C  C  C  « 

Hfl  «  w  3 

I-    IS-  IS-  12-  {=- 

j-  i-  r  r 


,  n  ir  c  n 

unci: 

#• 
R 

: , — -^ 

cccz 

pj  1^  o  i^  in    . 

1^    R    R    ft 

oS 

12- 

C|    fl    fl    'M 

•       • 

<;    o-ns_  12- IS-  J 

c  rs.  is- 12- 

<j 

*■ 

p-i2-ni-?- 

^  r  r-  jl  jl  < 

U                               3 

c.  r-  i-  r- 

» 

»-  j-  i-  *~ 

z                        J 

5                   ft. 

z 

GO 

CO 

bO 

3 

B 

O 

• 

ctnn 
a  a  a  a  . 

a  a  A  a 

• 

a; 

fl  c  c  C  as 

IS-  fl    fl    fl    *» 

• 

< 
►a 

O 

Ji_  is.  p.  IS-  J 

IS.  |S-  IS.  |S- 

< 

I-   is.  is.  is.  £- 

>— i    3    D 

1-  1-  t-  t-  <} 

r-  i-  i-  r- 

J 

!**-*•*" 

3  « 

*~  C  C  ? 

D 
O 

-  *• 

ffip^ 

z 

z 

CO 

• 

o 

n  n  n  n 

irctn 

r  C  C  C  X 

• 

0i 

c  c  c  c  . 

c  c  n  c 

oi 

flnncc 

t?ft  w 

<j 

a  a  a  a  -j 

a  a  a  a 

< 

is.  fl  fl  fl  *> 

^  5    ^* 

j 

IS-  IS-  o-  IS-  < 

IS-  IS-  IS-  IS. 

J 

|-    IS.  IS.  IS-  £• 

3    Q^.O 

D 
O 
Z 

■— ■ 

CO 

r  f  v   r   &J 

t~  tr  t~  t~ 

& 

r  t-  r-  r- 

I.  Conj 

Hith 

SeeN 

hccd 

04 

-  tz  c  ? 
0" 

o 
z 

(O 

«#• 

»— • 

»— i  , 

J! 

"** 

»N 

I:         -C 

4-> 

X 

o 

•  -4 

5.° 

i 

1 

A  HEBREW  GRAMMAR, 


21 


TENSE. 

IMPERATIVE. 

• 
55 

• 

CO 

• 

o 

< 

e  til 

^  6 

as    o    * 

2    P    E»    J 

•        • 

C) 

• 

h 
tA 

< 

*  ** 

0- 

• 

h 

OS 

< 

*»  a  5  £  ^ 

*-  r  r~  r 
o    #-   ^ 

w  4  CI 
12-12- 

CI   CI 

ia-«2- 

f-  r- 

E 

12- 
I- 

k 

5 

cT  v. 
r 

C| 
12- 

e     e 

+■ 

CI 

-  Q 

o 

•+-       -{- 

12- 

CJ    f| 
12-12- 

CI 

12- 

f- 

r-  i- 

J- 

p.  n  bi  «  p 

E  E 

E  E 

E 

•    CI   d 

cj  m 

ci 

.  i-  ii-n.ii.lr 

eJ   /2_  |i_    . 

n-  n- 

12- 

I— 

j  *-  i-  t-  t~  r 

<  »-  r-  »J 

i-  r- 

I- 

3 

<        *2  *~  rj 

j       *  < 

*-  *-i 

See 

»            £ 

E 

p 

o           » 

-> 

*            £ 

0* 

CO 

E  E 

E  E 

E 

» 

jflfl    . 

ci  /n 

o 

c« 

.  '    ii_  n.  n-  j_ 

oS    fi-/2-  J 

f2-  12- 

/2- 

n. 

•J  E  *-  f.  *-  *~ 

2       t  '  E 

1  I1  J1  <? 

E  £ 

E 

r 

o 

o        2 

►J 

Z                                     P4 

CU 

M 
CO 

.    I2.C1    CI    JS)    ?! 

M  r-  12-  n-  n.  Jr- 

E 

fl 

• 

CI 

ci 

b© 

12- 

12- 

g      £       E 

c 

ts 

OS 

f 

1- 

£ 

£  C  C  C  g 

.  m  C  C  C  uj 

J  ns_ci  ei  cj  £ 

.  E  E 

E  E 

E 

13 

as  c  c    . 

C  C 

C 

C 

<!    fl    S)    J 

C|    Pi 

C) 

CJ 

*5%r-  li-cn-Jr- 

J    P-ft.<! 

f2-  12- 

12- 

/2- 

c*   *-  r-  t-  r-  r 

D    *"   E    «* 

r-  r- 

|- 

t~ 

2        E       E 

°        2 

E 

e. 

S                       Pi 
CO 

—      —      E 

E  •* 

#— 

E 

^ 

^ 

X 

0k 

E 

«... 

O    g    o  ^w 

S 
C)  ,_r  On  5 

So 

c\    o     •> 
C  <u  m 

t— (      <L» 

*    »ii  ■*-• 

C   o    o    s 

CO  "^    >M 

^3  ^  ti 

.S   o    -  fe 

S^>      CO 
«sl— I      « 

•^    cy  O 

r-      3     C     P* 

^  ti  we: 

rtf   *+*   \J   •** 

,3  f* 

•fl  ^         * 
**    ^^  t? 

O     ^  +^ 

2  S  c  v 


—     - 

^2     Dh 


4> 


w  ^   o  .2 

,0  *2  "O  _r 


T3  <Li    CU 

^  si  4* 
c-5     .a 

o   o  ^  c 

r  >  - 


CO 


^_r  g  <l>   y 

bd  S    W 


D 


22  A  HEBREW  GRAMMAR. 

9.  In  Hebrew,  a&ive  participles  fignify  either  as 
thofe  of  the  prefent,  or  the  future  in  rus,  in  Latin  ;  paf- 
five  participles,  as  thofe  of  the  prefer,  or  future  in  dus* 

10.  1  prefixed  to  a  verb  often  converts  the  prefer 
into  the  prefent,  or  future,  and  the  future  into  the  pref- 
ent,  or  prefer  ;  as,  Wtj7:n,  and  I  will  rebuke  ;  WW, 
and  he  fpake.f 

1 1 .  The  particle  ?tt,  then,  coming  before  the  fu- 
ture, fometimes  converts  it  into  the  prefer  ;  as, 
-DT  TK,  then  he  /pake. 

12.  In  Hithpael,  when  the  firft  radical  is  ?,  D,  ¥, 
or  V,  the  chara&eriftic  n  is  tranfpofed  with  it  ;  as, 
*DWn,  from  *l?E?.  And  the  chara&eriftic  n  being 
tranfpofed  with  ?  is  changed  into  1,  and  with  ¥,  into 

tt  :  as,  (Dim,  from    p,;  prasn,  from  ptfj. 

13.  The  prefixes,  D,  p,  h9  and  B,  joined  to  the 
infinitive  mode,  form  gerunds  ;  as,  lYps^,  in  vifiU 
ing ;  "Ip3^,  to   vifit.^ 

1 4.  When  the  third  perfoit  feminine  prefer  of  any 
conjugation  is  followed  by  a  pronoun  fuffix,  its  ft  is 
changed  into  n  ;  as,  VironK,  Jhe  loved  him.  1  Sam. 
XVIII.  28. 

1 5.  The  fecond  perfon  mafculine  plural  of  the  pre- 
t^r  of  Kal  fometimes  drops  its  CD  before  a  fuffix  ;  as, 
•OnBtf,  ye  have  fafted  to  me,  for  •tfDntttf.  Zech. 
VII.  5.  Un^n,  ye  have  brought  us  up,  for  "OEn^Syn. 
Numb.  XX.  5. 

16.  In  the  fartheft  column  to  the  left  hand  of  the 
preceding  example  of  regular  verbs  are  added  the 
paragogic  letters,  i.  e.  letters  which  are  fometimes 
fuffixed   to  the  refpecHve  perfons  of  all  the  conjuga- 

^  -  -  "  ■  -■   -  — 

*   In  Kal,  there  is  a  pa/Jive  as  well  as  afiive  participle. 

f  Sometimes  the  1  is  not  joined  to  the  word  it  affecls  ;  but  t® 
another. 

J   Sometimes  n,  the  characteriilic  of  Hithpael,  is  omitted. 

§  2,  3)  and  h  often  exclude  n,  the  chara&erifti^  of  thj  in- 
finitive of  Niphal  and  Hiphil. 


A  HEBREW  GRAMMAR.  23 

tions,  againft  which  they  Hand.  They  are  added  for 
emphafis,  or  euphony.  They  are  fuffixed  to  irregular 
as  well  as  regular  verbs. 


SECTION     IX. 

OF    IRREGULAR    VERBS. 


i.  Thofe  verbs,  which  in  their  formation  are  not 
ftrictly  reducible  to  the  foregoing  example  of  Ips, 
are  called  irregular ',  or  defeclive. 

2.  The  feveral  kinds  of  irregular  verbs  are  thefe,  viz. 

■n     -\r   ¥  J  r  or  a  verb  the  fir  ft:  radical  of  which  is  <    J 
Pe  Yod,*  3  c   ^ 

Oin  Vau,  or  a  verb  the  middle  radical  of  which  is     1. 
Lamed  He,  or  a  verb  ending  with  n. 

Pe  Nun,  or  a  verb  the  lad  radical  of  which  is  J. 

Oin  doubled,  or  a  verb  the  two  laft  letters  of  which 
are  the  fame. 

Lamed  Nun,  ?  u.-u   1  a     j-    1    r    w  u  •    C  *• 

t        j  t.      x  r  or  a  verb  the  lalt  radical  or  which  is  <  „ 
Lamed  1  au, 1 3  £  n. 

Pe  Aleph. 

3.  The  radical  K  of  verbs  P<?  y^>£  is  generally 
omitted  in  the  firft  perfon  fingular  of  the  future,| 
left  two  Alephs  fhould  occur  ;  as,  "DK,  for  1DNK. 
In  other  refpeds  verbs  Pe  Aleph  are  regular. 

Pe  Yod. 

4.  Verbs  Pe  Tod  caft  away  1  in  the  imperative  of 
Kal  ;  as,  Dt£%  for  D£^  ;  alfo  1  is  omitted  in  the  in- 
finitive of  Kal,  and  rS  is  added  ;  as,  nso.  See  the 
following  example   : 

*  From  the  old  example  by£>,  thofe  verbs,  which  drop  their 
firft  letter,  have  been  called  defective  in  Pe,  5  ;  thofe,  whioK 
drop  their  fecond,  defective  in  Oin,  y  ;  and  thofe,  which  drop 
rheir  third,  defective  in  Lamed,  b* 

f  Moil  irregular  verbs  are  fometimes  regularly  formed. 

j  Or,  rather,  the  two  Alephs  coalefce  in  one. 


-4 


A  HEBREW  GRAMMAR. 


Example  of  the  conjugations:  and  declenfion  of  verbs 

Pe  Yod. 


Hophal. 

Hiphil. 

SINGULAR. 

SINGULAR. 

-.-,.— 

Kptnn 

rrrn 

nmftsi 

rrr'n 

nrrr 

oidcmi 

•nsmn 

PLURAL. 

PLURAL. 

idmn 

W&Hh 

crrrn 

txistrm 

jrwrr 

}7\2&71 

**  s*m  *■• 

".:trxrt 

SISGULA 

SINGULAR. 

r-.. 

■     - 

f,r.' 

tfvm 

^cnn 

-,r>r 

'•:- 

TTH 

>T\V 

*)sZ*i< 

PLURAL. 

PLURAL. 

i]5^,  be  a  J  J:  J. 

NiphaL 

SINGULAR. 

nstna 

FLURAL. 

piaina 


urn 
rasrtn 


r*: 


r:r:-r 
nastnn 


;    SINGULAR. 

I 

tpnf} 

B|0ttC 

PLURAL. 

mm 

rastnn 

tefnfi 

*el  n 


KaL 

SINGULAR. 

-riz\  Jh. 
nrc*,  ^s«,  c, 

PLURAL.  J 

anas' 


SINGULAR, 

-rn 

s-cn 


PLURAL. 

radon 

•srn 

rt&bt\ 

-r: 


c 
-: 


SINGULAR. 

SINGULAR. 

SINGULAR. 

-.-,- 

--._ 

r        § 

x" 

nfedi 

•r-rn 

*5oin 

F  L  U  R  A  L . 

PLURAL. 

PLURAL.           H 

>r>-'- 

,r-,_ 

k5D                     3 

TIZZ'-" 

r&mn 

-:rr 

mn 

r^r* 

J.-.V- 

Pir   Ir.nn. 

r,-..v- 

.*T"   Par:.  act. 

rjmn 

k)BM 

r»r  Part,  paff. 

A  HEBREW  GRAMMAR.  25 

5.  When  any  of  thefe  fervile  letters,  K,  ft9  ">,  B,  2> 
n,  are  prefixed  to  a  verb  P^  7W,  in  its  declenfion, 
the  radical  1  is  ufually  either  omitted,  or  changed  in- 
to \  Except  2tt\  St»,  p,  and  p^ ;  which,  in  Hiph- 
il,  require  1  inftead  of  1  ;  as,  2Wfi9for  3WI. 

6.  Thefe  four  verbs,  1D\  Pl^3  jm,  and  !TT>,  in  Hith- 
pael,  change  1  into  %  as,  1D\nn.  Other  verbs  Pe  Tod 
are  regular  in  Hithpael.  N.  B.  Whenever  Hithpael 
is  not  inferted  in  the  examples  of  irregular  verbs,  it  is 
regularly  declined,  as  in  "lps  ;  unlefs  in  fuch  inflances 
as  will  be  noticed. 

7.  The  verb  7l$  has  1  in  the  future  of  Kal ;  thus, 

Sinx,  I /hall  be  able. 

8.  rip1?,  to  take,  or  be  taken,  is  formed  in  Kal  like  tp\ 

9.  The  formative  1  in  Hiphil  is  fo-merimes  omitted  ; 
as,  vo^n/cr  \-Q£Vin.     Jerem.  XXXII.  37. 

Oin  Vau. 

10.  The  root  of  verbs  Oin  Vau  is  the  infinitive  ;  as, 
OVp,  to  arife.  In  the  third  perfon  mafculine  fingular 
of  the  preter  of  Kal,  which  is  the  root  of  all  other 
verbs,  the  1  difappears. 

1 1.  Verbs  Lamed  He,  and  a  few  others,  when  their 
middle  radical  is  1,  are  regular,  with  regard  to  that 
letter. 

1 2.  Thefe  four  verbs,  TW,  UTO,  IV,  and  DVO,  have 
^  in  the  preter  of  Kal ;  as,  rOlD,  MDU),  51D. 

13.  U?D  fometim.es  imitates  verbs  Pe  Tod  ;  as,  pre- 
ter of  Hiphil,  UTOVi. 

14.  The  third  radical  of  verbs  Oin  Vau  is  frequent- 
ly repeated  ;  as,  SDIp. 

15.  Verbs  Oin  Vau  fometimes  omit  their  1  in  the 
future  cf  Kal  ;  as,  2^  for  2W> ;  from  yty. 

16.  Hiphil  fometimes  fuffers  an  aphasrefis  of  the 
characterise  n,  in  the  imperative  ;  as,  D*>p,  fecond 
per.  fing.  mafc.  for  D^pn.  Verbs  having  their  middle 
radical  1  fometimes,  in  like  manner,  drop  n  in  Hiphil, 


46 


A  HEBREW  GRAMMAR. 


Example  of  the  conjugations  and  declenfion  of  verbs 

Oin  Vau. 


DW, 

>fe  placed. 

Hophal. 

Hiphil. 

Nip'hal. 

Kal. 

SINGULAR. 

SINGULAR. 

SINGULAR. 

SINGULAR 

0 

wmti 

amm 

owa 

OU?,   £tf. 

rrrawirr 

no^n 

nnw) 

HEW,  fie. 

maiznn 

hwwn 

nrawa 

n*w,  Mo», 

(5« 

*n»w»n 

»m»Mi?n 

vrmwa 

view,  /,  &c.  w 

PLURAL. 

PLURAL. 

PLURAL. 

PLURAL. 

-J 

wwirr 

i»wn 

«3W3 

WW 

CI 

orttounn 

eniwn 

onww: 

bfnra 

jrraTznrr 

infirm 

]nWW3 

{'n&w 

Wnwn 

VWIVTI 

WU3W3 

UOW 

SINGULAR. 

SINGULAR. 

SINGULAR. 

SINGULAR. 

ttow 

tlW* 

&W 

ow* 

cunn 

a>wn 

own 

town 

o^tn 

own 

own 

own 

wwn 

wwn 

wwn 

naiwn 

DttIK 

DWK 

owk 

OWN 

C 

PLURAL. 

PLURAL. 

PLURAL. 

PLURAL. 

1»W 

i»W* 

1ttW> 

ttMW* 

?3 

• 

r»»win 

tttnwn 

m»wn 

nawwn 

inwin 

i»wn 

miun 

ttaiwn 

naminn 

n:»wn 

nwwn 

mnwn 

&ana 

own 

• 

wwi 

DW3 

SINGULAR. 

SINGULAR. 

SINGULAR. 

D^tl 

own 

toW 

2 

vawn 

wwrr 

*qvd 

70 

Not  ufed. 

PLURAL. 

PLURAL. 

PLURAL. 

rawn 

ipwrr 

WW 

• 

rriDirn 

ru-awn 

ronw 

minrr 

own 

own 

D1W    Infinitive. 

. ,  , 

owe 

DU>  Part. 

aa. 

GWO 

owa 

CW  Part.  paff. 

A  HEBREW  GRAMMAR,  27 


Lamed  He. 

17.  Befide  the  changes  of  n,  in  the  following  ex- 
ample of  verbs  Lamed  He,  it  is  fometimes  changed  in- 
to 1  ;  as,  in  niDrl,  for  nnDn  ;  and  into  1  ;  as,  in 
Vthtf,  for  wStf. 

18.  nn#,  he  bowed  down,  not  only  tranfpofes  the 
charatteriftic  n  with  its  firft  radical  V  in  Hithpael,* 
but   inferts    1   between  the  two  laft  -radicals  ;    as, 

$mn&ft9for  nnn^rr. 

19.  Sometimes  verbs  Lamed  He  are  declined  reg- 
ularly ;    as,  nrDJ,  fir-r^,  J"DJ. 

20.  The  imperative  of  verbs  Lamed  He  frequent- 
ly lofes  the  radical  !"l,  in  all  the  conjugations  ;  as, 
Sj,  for  rhy  ;  SjnH,  for  nSjnn. 

21.  1  converfivef  prefixed  to  the  future,  the  neg- 
ative particle  ^K  before  it,  and  fuffixes,  ufuaJly  caufe 
H  radical  to  be  cut  off  ;  as,  tPjT»%  for  Plpjrh ;  WJJ, 

22.  Thefe  two  verbs,  rrtft  /;<?  <^Y7.r,  and  rT»n,  /^ 
//*;#/,  often  lofe  the  radical  Jl  in  the  future,  wheth- 
er 1  converfive  or  ^K  are  prefixed,  or  not.  J 


*  See  Seft.  VIII.  No.  12. 
f  See  Seft.  VIII.  No.  10. 
%  Verbs  ending  with  x    fometimes   omit  it  ;  as,  >n^  for  riKX'i 

I  went  out  :  llanra  for  iOBntt,  from  finning. 

The  infinitive  often  affumes  n  at  the  end  ;  as,  DNibn  for  Nlbft, 
to  fill. 

The  third  perfon  feminine  lingular  fometimes  ends  in  n,  in- 
ftead  of  n  ;  as,  n*np  for  rtKiy,  fie   called. 

The  verb  KU^,  he  lifted  up ;  fometimes.  in  the  pafllve  participle 
tf  Kal  changes  n*  into  "•   ;  as,  >m:  for  NW3. 


28 


A  HEBREW  GRAMMAR. 


H 

Q 
w 

< 

J-* 

> 

O 

d 

o 


£2     ^ 

CO     ^ 

52 
o    ^ 

«I-<      r— 
.*->     J_ 

rf 

bO 

3 

V 

O 

u    ► 

<D 

O 

<L> 

cl, 


PRETER. 


64 

1-5    ^ 


^ 


< 


n  c  *i  c         c  c  r» 


n 


c  F" 


D 


FUTURE 


2 


SB 

s  £-£  £  c  f: 
£pp~A-O.A 


n 


n  r: 


^      J    *-»     jr-,     ,-,     ,-,      ^  jr-!  ^!  *~j  jr-» 

;5    O  *"»    *~i   »~i    *"»    ^  *~«  -"i  *-»  *-» 

/L,    *r    t~     |—    r     r-      A  *-  s~  r  r- 

-'-^cc;*  c  c  p 


s  A-fLfLfL?L 

z  n 

CO 


n  n  *~  ji 


T     r-     jrl     *^     ^%     *"» 

=  n  n  n  ^  n 


CU» 


•J 


.  n  rz  n  rz  z  n  rz  n  n 


W  5 


CO 


c  c 


Oh 


< 

sb  r*  2  13  *-»  C3 


ii  n  r.  c  n  ■  j  c  n  n  n 

(0     J. 


Oh   ^ 

c  ^   ** 


f^ 


C  ^  G  C 

p  *-i  ■*ni  *i  *^ 

e,  C    G   P 


n 


g  £  c  c  c  x 

3  R  c  c  e  c 

5  r-  n  c '  r: 

CO 


A  HEBREW  GRAMMAR. 


29 


FUTURE. 

IMPER, 

• 

M 

• 

< 

to 

• 

• 

-<                     • 

z 

• 

h 
p4 

• 

H 
to* 

»  ^  n  c  c  71 

g  p-r*.£  p-p- 

P- 

< 
to 

*^  ?  P  ?  n 

2??  ->P? 

A- 

#t 

»-»      *-« 

n 

r:      rz 

r: 

#~ 

M 

• 

• 

-0!                     ; 

•j 

<                   ►» 

£  rz  rz  «  rz  rz 

s. 

i4    ^    *"»    *"»     *"»     r-S 

n: 

n      n 

w                        rz 

m 

« 

•a 

g  rz  ir  *  n  n 

g  £-!LJL{Lg- 

n 

p 

0- 

a- 

j  P  *i   -1   0    r2 

-          *~    *~   *~    *- 

~  *"i   »i    j  *2    *i 

•t 

*•» 

5r.r  p.  ^  rv 

rz 

n      n 

0                 n 

• 

< 

'.<U 

at   r     r-     r~     r-    *** 

2  f^B-B-B-ir 

<*-< 

s 

4-1 

0 

*-* 

O 

rz 

rz 

oi                : 

• 

• 

1               < 

<  £  c  c  c  2 

£  rz  rz  Sni: 

rz 

0 

rz 

rz 

A- 

p- 

a,  ^    ■?    t2    *"»    r5 
^    ^   A    n 

«    TZ     r                 ^      iy 

•3 

r- 

rz 

*-* 
rz 

JZ          H 

rz 

E 


3o  A  HEBREW  GRAMMAR. 


Pe  Nun. 

23.  Verbs  Pe  Nun  drop  -3  in  the  imperative  and 
infinitive  of  Kal ;  which  infinitive  takes^  the  termina- 
tion n  ;  as,  JtMq,  fronx  Sstf. 

24.  When,  any  of  the  ferviles,  N*,  PI,  ">,  12±  J,  r"l, 
are  prefixed,  the  radical  i  is  ufually  omitted  ;  as, 
Ssx  foil  Ssjs^ :  except  the  future,  imperative,  and  in- 
finitive of  Niphal,  where  the  radical  J  is  retained. 

25.  When  the  fecond  radical  is,  *•»*,  PI,  n,  or  y, 
verbs  Pe  Nun  are  generally  regular  ;  as,  yiSW*-  from 

V'JO,  to  defpife. 

26.  The  following  verbs  follow  all  the  irregulari- 
ties of  Pe  Nun  ',  rU\  he  left,  "\0\  he.  chaflifed,  3¥% 
he  appointed,  XX\  he  placed,  yx\  he  fpread,  p¥%  he 
poured  out,  "&M>,  he  formed,  TTSfV  he  burned,  and  M\ 
he  compared  about. 

27.  The  verb  JJHH  ia  once  defective  of  the  firfl 
radical  ;  thus,  tyH^  Job,  IV.  10.  for  ijjnSa,  are 
broken, 

28".  Sometimes  1  is  inferted  between  the  two  laft 
radicals  of  the  future  of  Kal  of  verbs  Pe  Nun  ;  as, 
hnDi,  Pfalm,  I.  3.  h^n,  Job,  XXXI.  22.  Sia*, 
Ifai.  &.  34. 


A  HEBREW  GRAMMAR. 


31 


Example  of  the  conjugations  and  declenfion  of  verbs 

Pe  Nun. 


%J, 

he  fell. 

•Hophal. 

HipTiil. 

Niphal. 

Kal. 

SINGULAR.      : 

SINGULAR. 

SINGULAR.' 

'S'lN'GULAk. 

ban 

rrbsn    i 

nbsn   I 

^nbsn    . 

>LURAL. 

V*>rr 
nVsn 
nbsn    j 
>nbsn 

PLURAL. 

bS3 

Wbaa 

ftbt» 

*nba;>   i 
i 

'PLURA-L.     | 

baa,  fe. 

nbaa,  yfo. 

nbaa,  thou,  c 

••nbaa             - 
IS 

PLUR-AL.            § 

■>b*>rr 
onbsn 

ubsn    i 

Dnbsrr 

^nbsrr 

ttbsn 

iba* 

DDbS3     j 

}hba3 
i2bS5 

ft 

tea           r 

cnbaa 
f?fea3 

'wbsU 

SINGULAR. 

SINGULAR. 

SINGULAR. 

SINGULAR. 

bsn 
bsn 
*bsn 

Van 
b«&n 

>Vsn 
b\sx 

baa* 

baan 
baan 
"ba^n 

b33N 

bis 

ban 
ban 
»ban 
baa              i 

PLURAL. 

PLURAL. 

PLURAL. 

PLURAL.         ^ 

lbl>* 

rwbsn 

•jbsrr 

rubsn 

b*» 

nabsn 
nabsn 

b>*>3 

ibaa* 

nabaan 

ibaan 

nabaan 

baaa 

iba*               « 
naban 
iban 
naban 

baa 

SINGULAR. 

SINGULAR. 

SINGULAR. 

Not  ufed. 

Van 

baarr 
>baan 

ba              * 

PLURAL. 

PLURAL. 

PLURAL.           H 

iVan 

mbsrr 

ibaan 
nabaan 

-4 

iba              !■ 
nabs 

bsn 

Van 

baan 

nba  Infinitive. 

Van 

baia  Part.  a&. 

bsra 

< 

baa 

biaa  Part.  pafft 

32  A  HEBREW  GRAMMAR. 


OlN    DOUBLED. 

29.  Verbs  Oin  doubled,  in  the  firft  and  fecond  con- 
jugations, ufually  omit  the  fecond  radical  \    as,  2D, 

for  MD. 

30.  In  the  firft  and  fecond  conjugations,  1  is  ufual- 
ly inferted  before  the  terminations  of  the  firft  and 
fecond  perfons  preter  ;  and  *  before  the  feminine 
plural  termination  PHJ,  in  the  future  and  imperative. 

31.  Sometimes  }  is  inferted  between  the  two  firft 
radicals  ;  as,  *TTO  ;  TTiDnn.  This  generally  takes 
place  in  Hithpael,  which  otherwife  is  regular. 


A  HEBREW  GRAMMAR. 


33 


Example  of  the  conjugations  and  declenfion  of  verbs 

OlN    DOUBLED. 

MD,  he  went  about* 

Hophal.  Hiphil.  Niphal.  Kal. 


SINGULAR. 

2Din 

n2Dirr 

nnoirr 

^ni2Din 

?LURAL. 

12  Din 
DrvoDirr 
]ni2Din 

1312D17T 


SINGULAR. 

aw? 

2Din 
2Din 
*2Din 

2D1K 
PLURAL. 

12  DV 

rn^Din 

i2Din 

7W2Din 

2D13 


Not  ufed. 


2Din 


SINGULAR. 

SDH 

n2Dt-r 
ni2Dn 
<ni2Dn 

PLURAL. 

12DH 

Dnuon 

jni2Dn 

ui2Dn 


2D1D 


SINGULAR. 

2D* 

2on 
ion 

2DX 
PLURAL. 

i2D> 
n^2Dn 

12DD 
2D3 


SIN  GULAR, 

2D77 
*2DT7 

PLURAL. 

i2Drr 


2Dn 


2DT2 


SINGULAR. 

2D3 

n2D: 

ni2D3 
*ni2DJ 

PLURAL. 

12D3 

oni2D3 
]ni2DJ 

1:1203 


SINGULAR. 

2D* 

son 

2DD 

2DX 

PLURAL. 

12D* 

i2Dn 

2D3 


SINGULAR. 

2DH 
'•IDH 

PLURAL. 

i2Dn 
W2Drr 


21DrT 


2D3 


SINGULAR. 
2D,  £<r. 

rr2D,  ,/fe. 

JH12D,  thou.,  c. 

*ni2D,  „ 

JO 

PLURAL.  % 

12D  ? 

DD12D 
]ni2D 

1312D 


SINGULAR. 

21  D» 

21  on 

2iDn 

\aion 

21DK 
PLURAL. 

121 D* 

n:^2Dn 

21D3 

SINGULAR. 

21 D 
*21D 

PLURAL. 
121 D 

n:*2D 


3 

M 

> 

pi 


21D   Infinitive. 


221 D  Part.  a&. 
212D  Part.  paC 


34  A  HEBREW  GRAMMAR. 

Lamed  Nun  or  Tau. 

32.  Verbs  Lamed  Nun  or  Tau,  when  their  perfon- 
al terminations  begin  with  3  or  n,  commonly  drop 
their  laft  radical  ;  as,  n3E^*T%  Ifai.  LX.  4.  they  Jh all 
be  nurfe'd,  or  fupported,  for  rTiJDxn,  from  pNt,  to 

fuppm  ;    STlffi,  Gen.  XIX.   15.  for  ^nra,  /  Jhall 

die* 

33.  The  verb  jf"V3,  ta  g*^  not  only  drops  its 
initial  J,  according  to  No.  24.  of  this  Seel,  and 
its  final  one  before  a  perfonal  termination  beginning 
with  I  ;  but  alfo  generally  loles  its  final  Z  before  a 
perfonal  termination  beginning  with  n  ;  as,  'TinJ,  I 
have  given,  for  ^JlJna. 

34.  The  infinitive  of  Tl J  is  ufually  HP,  or  TW^ 
with  n  paragogic,  for  n^n.* 

35.  Many  Hebrew  words  are  doubly  imperfect,  or 
irregular,  chiefly  fuch  as  have  Vor  3  for  the  firft  let- 
ter, and  rn  for  the  laft.  Thus,  we  find  job,  XIX. 
2.  JYUVl  fecond  perfon  mafculine  plural  of  the  fu- 
ture of  Hiph.  from  1-\*\  to  afflicl  ;  Pfalm,  LXXV.  2. 
V^H,  firft  perfon  plural  of  the  preter  of  Hiphil, 
from  }~H%  to  confefs  :  Gen.  XII.  8.  tD\  third  per- 
fon mafculine  lingular  of  the  future  of  Kal9  from 
ritD3,  /<?  extend  :  Exod.IX.  15.  ^nj,  firft  perfon 
fingular  future  of  Kal,  from  r~W,  to  fmite. 

'36.  When  the  middle  radical  is  irregular,  the  ex- 
tremes are  regular  ;  as,  D1J,  which  never  lofes  its 
firft  radical. 

37.  If  both  or  either  of  the  extremes  be  irregular, 
the  middle  radical  is  regular  ;  as,  ?~W,  which  never 
lofes  its  middle  radical  :  hence  it  follows,  that,  if 
but  one  radical  appear  in  a  verb,  it  is  always  the  mid- 
dle   one  ;  as,    *6n,    from    ilSJ  ;  and  the     radical 


*  T\T\  or  rrnn  feems,  fometimes,  to  be  ufed  for  fecond  perfon 
jpreter  of  Kal.     See  II.   Sam.   22,  41. 


A  HEBREW  GRAMMAR.  3.5 

wanting  at  the  beginning  is  either  *»  or  2,  and  at  the 
end, rn. 


■ '"  1  ■ 


SECTION     X. 


OS   VERBS   WITH'   SUFFIXES. 

1.  Verbs  have  the  fame  fuffixes  which  nouns  have : 
and  thefe  three  befides,  viz.  *»>,  mey  com.  %  him  or 
it  ;  rnJ,  her  or  //. 

2.  A  fuffix  to  a  verb,  in  the  indicative  or  impera- 
tive, always  fignifies  a  perfonal  pronoun  in  fome  ob- 
lique cafe  ;*  as,  *0"lp3,  vifitavit  me  ;  he  vifited  me  z 
Wintt,  dedifti  mihi  :  thou  haft  given  to  me  :  TW, 
commorabitur  tecum  ;  he  jhall  dwell  with  thee. 

3.  A  fuffix  to  an  infinitive  may  fignify  either  an 
agent,  or  a  patient  ;  that  is,  a  pronoun,  either  in 
the  nominative,  or  fome  oblique  cafe  ;  as,  '1>Hp3, 
when  he  cries  ;  *n£t£?7,  to  keep  him. 

4.  Verbs  Lamed  He  lofe  n  before  the  fuffixes  ; 
as,  MVy9  for  UWy,  he  hath  made  us. 

5.  3  epenthetic  is  fometimes  inferted  between  the 
fuffixes,  "O,  \  V,  n,  and  a  verb  in  the  future  \  as, 
•oro:D\  for  iym\  he  Jhall  honor  me. 

6.  The  perfonal  termination  t  is  often  dropped  be- 
fore a  fuffix  ;  as,  niy»,  for  rWD2.     Gen.  I.  28. 

7.  Participles  have  the  fame  fuffixes  which  nouns 
have  ;  as,  W*>*,   helping  him,  or  his  helpers. 


*  That  is,  anfvveving  to  fome   cafe  different  from  the  Nonaina- 
,tive,  in  Latin,  &c. 


36  A  HEBREW  GRAMMAR* 

SECTION    XL 

OF    THE    VERB    #1  ;    REDUPLICATIVE,    AND    PLURI- 

LITERAL    VERBS. 

i .  ttf  %  he  is,  or  they  are,  has  rather  the  nature  of  a 
noun  than  of  a  verb,  in  this  refped,  that  it  takes  the 
fame  fuffixes  as  nouns,  inftead  of  the  perfonal  termin- 
ations of  verbs  ;  as,  Itt^,  thou  art  ;  B2W>9  you  or 
ye  are.  See  the  word,  in  Parkhurft's  and  Pike's  He- 
brew Lexicons. 

2.  Reduplicative  verbs  have  the  laft,  the  Jlrft  and 
laft,  or  the  two  laft  radicals  doubled.  They  are  de- 
rived from  fimple  verbs  ;  as,  from  Vu  are  derived 
SSj  and  SjS:  ;  from  Sip,  SSp  and  SpSp  ;  from 
ism,  is^sn  ;  from  *inD,  nnnno.  Such  verbs  are  de- 
clined regularly. 

3.  Pluriliteral  verbs  confift  of  more  than  three  let- 
ters in  their  root  ;  as,  QD"to  to  wafte,  or  root  up  ; 
^DnS,  to  inveft.  The  few  times  they  occur,  they  are 
declined  regularly. 


SECTION     XIL 


OF    PAPvTICLES. 


i.  Under  the  denomination  of  particles,*  are  in- 
cluded adverbs,  conjunctions,  prepofitions,  and  inter- 
jections. 

2.  Particles  have  fuffixes  like  nouns  fingular  ;  as? 
VU 3,  before  him. 

3.  Some  particles  imitate  nouns  plural  in  regimen  . 

*  See  Sea.  III.  No.  4. 


A  HEBREW  GRAMMAR.  37 

as,  VW1K,  after,  which,  with  fome  others,  requires  the 
fame  fuffixes  which  nouns  plural  do. 

4.  Thefe  three  particles,  pK,  not,  H-3H,  behold,  *npy 
yet,  for  a  fuffix  of  the  third  perfon  mafculine  fingular, 
take  the  verbal  one  13  j  as,  UJiN,  «<tf  he.* 

5.  Particles  often  govern  the  infinitive  mode. 


SECTION    XIII. 

SYNTAX. 


i.  Two  or  more  fubflantives  fignifying  the  fame 
perfon,  or  thing,  are  regularly  of  the  fame  number, 
by  appofition  ;  as,  ^"Dy  PlC?D,    Mofes,  my  fervant.\ 

2.  In  Hebrew  an  adjective  ufually  agrees  with  its 
fubftantive  in  gender  and  number  ;  as,  :D5n  p,  a 
wife/on  ;  rfrl}  H150,  great  Jirokes.  We  meet,  how- 
ever, with  fuch  expreffions  as  thefe,  nVi-3   CD^y,  great 

cities  ;    Deut.  I.    28.   VI.  10. — mS-U  QVi?*,    great 
Jlones  ;   Deut.  XXVII.    2. — niDB  D">Jtfn  and  nipi, 

g00</  tf«<^  ^<^  _/%*  ;  Jer.  XXIV.  2.  and  3. — D^-un 
niKDH,  the  great  lights  ;  Gen.  I.  16.  As  to  the 
three  firft  phrafes,  it  has  been  obferved,  Sect.  IV.  No. 
21.  Note  2d,  that  fome  feminines  plural  end  in  CD^  : 
and,  perhaps,  in  fuch  expreffions  as  a^Ull  rHKCn, 
the  adjective  with  a  termination  ufually  mafculine  is 
joined  with  a  feminine  fubftantive,  as  a  mark  of  digni- 
ty or  excellence. 

3.  Participles  agree  with  fubftantives,  in  the  fame 
manner  that  adjcclives  do. 

■»■■  —  ■  ■   1  ■   .  ■  ■  ,  1-  -■■■■-■-■■.-.  ii..   —  ■     ■  1     .  mm 

*  See  Sed.  VII.  No.   7.  and  Se&.   X.   No.    1. 

•j*  Except  nouns  which  imply  dominion  or  power,  particularly 
fome  of  the  names  of  God  ;  which,  although  plural,  may  be  in 
appofition  with  nouns  fingular. 

F 


38  A  HEBREW  GRAMMAR. 

4.  When  two  fubflantives  of  different  genders  have 
the  fame  adjective^,  that  adjective  is  ufually  of  the 
mafculine  gender  ;  as,  Job,  I.  1 3.  ED^X  ^n^D^  Y03, 
his  fons  and  his  daughters  eating, 

5.  When  two  fubflantives,  one  of  which  is  lingu- 
lar, and  the  other  plural,  or  both  being  fingular, 
have  one  adjective,  or  participle,  that  adjective  or 
participle   is,    ufually,    in  the  plural   number  ;    as, 

O^xttn  ry&y®  •ODt  "ON*,  /  and  my  Jon  Solomon 
(fhall  ht)Jinning.  1  Kings,  I.  21.  This  rule  applies 
to  pronouns  ;  as,  DHN  r<TD  rtapJl  *07,  male  and 
female  (or^  as  for  the  male  and  female)  created  he 
them.     Gen.  I.  27. 

6.  A  colleclive  noun,  or  a  noun  of  midtitude9  though 
fingular,  may  have  a  plural  adjective  ;  as, 
E^Np  rvlW  ^5,  all  Judah  coming.  Jer.  VII.  2.*— ■ 
CrVrre  DJjh,  the  people  piping.      1  Kings,  I.  40. 

7.  A  plural  noun  of  dominion  may  have  a  fingular 
adjective  ;  as,  fi£?p  D^ltt,  a  cruel  lord  (lords). 

8.  An  adjective  fingular  is  fometimes  joined  to  a 
plural  noun  in  a  dijlributive  fenfe  ;  as,  "pDr^D  *lt^% 
right  are  thy  judgments  (i.  e.  every  one  of  them). 
Pialm,CXIX.  137.— THK  VT\X9  they  who  curfe  thee 
are  curfed  (i.  e.  each  one  of  them).  Gen.  XXVII.  29. 

9.  An  adjective,  referring  to  the  former  of  two 
fubflantives,  fometimes  agrees  with  the  latter  ;  as, 
O^nn  D'H'D-l  Wp,  the  bow  of  the  mighty  men  (is) 
broken. 

10.  A  verb  commonly  agrees  with  its  noun  in 
number,  gender,  and  perfon  ;  as,  JH1*  D^KITI,  and  Ad- 
am knew.  Gen.  IV.  1.  IWfi  YIKJl,  the  earth  was. 
Gen.  I.  2. 

ix.    Sometimes  a  mafculine  verb  is  joined  to  a 


A  HEBREW  GRAMMAR.  39 

feminine  noun,  to  fhow  excellence  and  dignity  ;  as, 

rnpn  mm.* 

12.  A  feminine  verb  may  be  joined  to  a  mafculine 
noun,  or  pronoun,  to  exprefs  fomething  bafe  and 
mean ;  as,  rDjnn  [rwy.f 

13.  A  verb  fingular  joined  with  a  noun  plural,  or  a 

verb  plural  wfth  a  noun  fingular,  often  frghifies  dif- 

tributively  ;   as,   Jmjjn  HI^H  nUTD,  the  becifts  of  the 

field  (i.  e.  each  of  the  beads)  flail  cry.    Joel,  I.  20. 

y^Tl ID  J,  the  wicked  (i.  e.  every  wicked  m2,Yi)  flee. 

Prov.  XXVIII.   1. 

^>^_~  -*  * 

14.  When  two  nouns  of  different  genders  have  the 
fame  verb,  that  verb  is  ufually  of  the  niafculine  gen- 
der ;  as,  ynttm  D^Dtyn  *H^\  and  the  heavens  and 
the  earth  were  finifled.     Gen.  II.    1. 

15.  When  fsveral  fingular  nouns  have  the  fame 
verb,  that  verb  may  be  put  in  the  plural  number  ;  as, 

ncrf-?o  v^y  Sjnm nnpSmi — "ivnx,    Arioch, 

Chederlaomer,  and  Tidal  made  war.     Gen.  XIV.  1. 
and  2. 

16.  A  noun  of  multitude,  though  fingular,  may 
have  a  plural  verb  ;  as,  pKPl  TOO  js,  left  the  land 
flail  fay.     Deut.  IX.  28. 

17.  Nouns  plural,  when  they  denote  the  parts  of 
one  whole,  are  fometimes  joined  with  verbs  fingular  ; 
as,  mND  *>m,  there  flail  be  lights,  that  is,  a  colleclion 
{flights. 

18.  Sometimes  verbs  in  the  future,  when  not  pre- 
fixed with  1  converfive,  and  not  in  connexion  with  a 


*  Gen.  XXIV.   14.         f  Ezek.  XXXIII.    26. 


40  A  HEBREW  GRAMMAR. 

word  prefixed  with  it,  have  the  fignification  of  verbs  in 
the  prefer  ;  as,  DWfi  S^  av>K  ntpp  ros,  thus  did 
Job  all  the  days.     Job,  I.  5. 

19.  Sometimes  a  verb  in  the  infinitive  has  the  fig- 
nification of  fome  perfon  in  another  mode  ;  and  it 
muft  depend  upon  the  fenfe  and  connexion  to  deter- 
mine its  fignification.     See  Seel.  IX.  No.  34.    Note. 

20.  The  mafculine  noun  plural  SVHK,  when  mean- 
ing the  true  God  (the  adorable  Trinity),  is  frequent- 
ly joined  with  verbs  fingular,  to  exprefs  the  unity  of 

eflence  and  operation  j  as,  O^hSk  K"D,  God  created* 
Gen.  I.  1. 

21.  Hebrew  verbs  are  often  joined  with  their  infini- 
tives, which  may  then  be  rendered  as  participles  ac- 
tive, or  as  the  Latin  gerunds.  This  kind  of  ex- 
preflion    denotes    fucceflion    or    continuance   ;     as, 

Tjnr  hk  nmK  nmm  -©-ok  ^s,  m  blejfmg  (or,  to 

blefs)  /  will  blefs  thee^  and^  in  multiplying,  I  will  mul- 
tiply thy  feed  :  that  is,  I  will  continually  blefs  thee^  and 
multiply  thy  feed.     Gen.  XXII.  17.* 

22.  The  fubftantive  verbs,  fiVl  and  $)\  he  was,  &c. 
are  often  omitted. 


*  Thus,  Ifai.  VI.  9.  iinn  ban  i*n  inti  win  b*o  ri»u;  w»w, 

hear,  in  hearing  (i.  e.  be  continually  hearing),  and  ye  Jhall not  per- 
eeive  ;  and  fee,  in  feeing  (i  e.  be  continually  feeing),  and  ye  Jhall  not 
know.  Gen.  II.  16.  and  17.  Of every  tree  of  the  garden  hsxri  bsx, 
thoujhalt  or  tnayejl  continually  eat  ;  hut  of  the  tree  of  knowledge  of 
good  and  evil  thou /halt  not  eat  of  it,  &c. 


A  HEBREW  GRAMMAR.  41 


SECTION    XIV. 

GRAMMATICAL    FIGURES. 

1.  The  Hebrews  fometimes  make  ufe  of  enallage  ; 
as,  ID  "Wrts  Pf.  II.  12.  iS  WH.  Ifai.  XXX.  18.  In 
thefe  inftances,  the  conftructed  form  is  ufed  for  the 
abfolute. 

2.  Paragoge  frequently  occurs.  See  the  example 
of  the  conjugations  and  declenfion  of  regular  verbs. 

3.  Ellipfis  is  frequent,  particularly  of  the  particles, 
and  the  fubftantive  verbs,  ffift  and  &\  See  Sect. 
XIII.  No.  22.     Pleonafm  is  often  ufed. 

4.  Aphserefis  fometimes  takes  place  in  the  impera- 
tive of  Hiphil  of  verbs  Oin  Vau,  &c.  See  Sect  IX. 
No.  16. 

5.  Epenthefis  is  fometimes  ufed.  See  Seel:.  X. 
No.  5. 

6.  Apocope  fometimes  occurs.  See  Seel:.  VIII. 
No.  8.     Note  2d. 


42  A  HEBREW  GRAMMAR. 


S  E  C  T  I  O  N     XV. 

DIRECTIONS  FOR    FINDING    THE  ROOT  IN    HEBREW 

LEXICONS. 

i.  The  root,  whence  words  of  like  fignification  are 
derived,  is  commonly  a  verb  in  the  third  perfon  maf- 
culine  lingular  of  the  preter  of  Kal. 

i.  A  root  umally  confifls  of  three  letters. 

3.  To  find  a  root,  caft  away  all  the  ferviles  ;*  if 
three    radicals    remain,    you  have    the    root  ;    as, 

DilWHJIDBD,  out  of 'their  clofe  places ,  from  rHJDtt,  found 
in  the  lexicon  under  *UD  i  D^tSH,  impious^  from  JJ£H. 

4.  If,  after  the  ferviles  are  caft  away  from  a  word, 
there  remain  two  radicals  only,  the  root  is  an  irregular 
verb  ;  in  fuch  cafe,  add  1  or  J  to  the  beginning  of  the 
word  ;  thus,  in  njntl,  Gen.  II.  9.  n  is  a  prefix  (em- 
phatic), Seel.  V.  No.  3.  n  is  the  feminine  termination  ; 
jn  remains  ;  but,  not  finding  this  in  a  two-lettered 
form,  add  1  to  the  beginning,  and  you  will  have  the 
root. 

5.  If,  after  the  prefixes  and  formative  letters  are 
rejected,  one  letter  only  mould  remain,  the  root  is  a 
doubly  imperfect  verb  ;  and,  in  order  to  find  it,  add 
*>  or  J  to  the  beginning,  and  .1  to  the  end  :  thus,  in 
051%  Gen.  XIV.  15.  1  is  a  prefix  ;  1  is  the  fign  of  the 
third  perfon  mafculine  fmg.  future,  and  D  is  a  fuffix, 
them  ;  there  remains  5  only,  to  which  prefix  J,  and 
fuffix  H,  and  you  have  the  root. 


*  See  Seel.  II.  No.  4.  and  5.  The  learner  mould  know  what 
letters  are  fervile,  and  what  the  ufe  of  the  ferviles  is,  in  forming 
Prefixes, /affixes,  the plur a! number  of  nouns,  the  conjugations  and 
perfons  of  verb?,  &c. 


A  HEBREW  GRAMMAR. 


43 


6.  Sometimes,  though  rarely,  the  root  confifts  of 
but  two  letters  $  as,  IK,  or  ;  33,  a  roof.     And, 

7.  Sometimes  the  root  confifts  of  four  or  five  let- 
ters ;  as,  DD"D,  he  wafted  ;  "imriD,  he  panted.*  See 
Sect.  XI.  No.  2.  and  3. 


*  In  moft  Hebrew  Lexicons,  the  roots  are  placed  in  alphabet- 
ical order  ;  and  all  the  branches  proceeding  from  a  root  are  placed 
after  it. 

It  is  needlefs  to  be  more  particular  on  this  fubjecl:,  fince  alraoft 
every  Hebrew  Lexicon  gives  directions  for  finding  the  root. 


44  A  HEBREW  GRAMMAR. 

GRAMMATICAL  EXERCISES. 
Exercise  I. — Examples  of  the  ufe  of  Prefixes » 
i.     1SD3,  in  a  book. 

HD,  in  this. 

t^Sn^,  with  honey* 
Tp"3,  in  vifiting. 
2.     "frEft,  //>*,  /to,  or  0  £/»g. 
DHH,  they. 

fijnn,  who  fed. 

4.  VJ?5,  tf  j  tf  /r*£. 
*lp&5,  like  vi/iting. 

5.  SJ?^,  ta,  of  or  for  a  people. 
nDDj?,  in  fafety. 

Tpsb,  /#  #//£f. 

t£D*10,  in  comparifon  of  honey. 
"Ipso,  /to  fo  /«/§■£/  woif  vjft  :  ox,  from  vifiting. 
7.  TriK^t^,  whojhall  take. 


Exercise  II. — Words  in  regimen.     Words  with  fuf 

Jixes,  &c. 

1.     Hp  ttD,  in  the  garden-of  Eden. 
1.  pStf  nSy,  #  leaf  of  an  oak  tree. 


A  HEBREW  GRAMMAR.  45 


EXPLANATIONS. 


i.  ^5D  is  amafculine  noun  lingular,  prefixed  with  D,  fig- 
nifying in.  See  §  V.  No.  2. — ^£D  is  abfolute  -.  § 
IV.   19.     It  is  declined  like  "Dl  ;    §   IV.    27. 

2  is  a  prefix,  as  above.     JIT  is  a  demonftrative  pro- 
noun ;  §  VI.  5. 

3  is  a  prefix,  &c. 

Tp3S  is  a  gerund  in  S  ;  §  VIII.  13. 

2.  n  is  a  prefix ;  §  V.  3. 

H  is  a  prefix,  as  above.     It  is  here  emphatic.     Dfi 

is  a  perfonal  pronoun  ;  §  VI.  3. 
J"!  is  a  prefix,  fignifying  who  ;  §  V.  3.    MjH  is  a  verb 

Lamed  He,  3d  perfon  fing.  mafc.  preter  of  Kal. 

3.  1  is  a  prefix,  fignifying  and  ;  §  V.  4. 

4.  5  is  a  prefix.     §  V.  5. 

1ps5  is  a  gerund  in  5  ;  §  VIII.  13. 

5.  S  is  a  prefix  ;  §  V.  6. 

^  is  a  prefix,  as  in  the  preceding  word. 
A  gerund  in  S  ;  §  VIII.  13. 

6.  12  is  a  prefix  ;  §  V.  7. 

D  is  a  prefix,  fignifying  in  comparifon  of ;  §  V.  7. 
A  gerund  in  Dj  §  VIII.  13. 

7.  t#  is  a  prefix.     THO  is  a  verb  Pe  Aleph,  in  the  3d 

perfon  fing.  mafc.  of  the  future  of  Kal ;  §  IX.  3. 


EXPLANATIONS. 


1.  UD  is  a  mafc.  noun  fing.  prefixed  with  2,  fignifying 

in.     It  is  in  reghnen  ;  §  IV.  18. — pp  is  a  mafcu* 
line  noun  fing.  abfolute  ;   §  IV.  1 9. 

2.  nty  is  a  mafc.  noun  fing.  with  a  fern,  termination  ; 

§  IV.  6.  Note.    It  is  in  regimen. — ?l^K  is  a  mafcu* 
line  noun  fingular,  abfolute. 

G 


46  A  HEBREW  GRAMMAR, 


3.     WP      min,  /^  law-of  Jehovah, 


4.  *f"?fcft    IWnto,  aftfter-ofthe  king. 

5.  n%T»    JVip'TC,  the  righteoufneffes-of  Jehovah. 

6.  ftXSp     *On,  words-of  hatred. 

7.  3S     ^S^y,  uncircumcifed-of  heart. 

8.  *H2j;,     wy  fervant. 

9.  WS%  02/r  ward* 

10.  W81,  his  head. 

11.  DfiTlVUDDft,  out  of  their  clofe  places. 


12.     OVlS*  ItJK^  and  God /aid. 


13.  DyH  nSwSjHD,  herefufedto fend  away  the  people- 


A  HEBREW  GRAMMAR.  47 

EX  PLANATIONS. 

3.  mvt  is  a  feminine  noun  Angular  in  regimen,  de- 
clined like  np-ltf,  §  IV.  28.  Rule  for  regimen  No. 
18;  for  the  change  of  f]  at  the  end  of  the  word  in- 
to n,  No.  22.  of  the  fame  fe&ion. — WW  is  a  mafc. 
noun  fmg.  with  a  fern,  termination  ;  §  IV.  6.  Note. 

4.  mnK  is  a  fern,  noun  fmg.  declined  §  IV.  30.  The 
word  is  in  regimen,  No.  1 8.  of  the  fame  feci. — "^D 
is  a  mafc.  noun  fing.  abfolute.     It  is  prefixed  with  fl. 

5.  ropTC  is  a  fern,  noun  plur.  declined  §  IV.  28.  It 
is  in  regimen.  See  §  IV.  22. — nim  is  a  mafc.  noun 
fmg.  abfolute,  as  explained  above. 

6.  *nsn  is  a  mafc.  noun  plur.  in  regimen  :  D  is  caft 
away  from  the  end;  §  IV.  21. — T\KW  is  a  fern, 
noun  fing.  declined  §  IV.  28. 

7.  *hny  is  a  patf.  part,  in  Kal,  declined  §  IV.  32.  See 
alfo  No.  20.  of  the  fame  fe&ion. — S^  is  a  mafc.  noun 
fing.  abfolute. 

8.  >"Qy  is  a  mafc.  noun  fing.  fuffixed  with  %  fignifying 
my.  See  §  VII.  1.  It  may  alfo  be  plur.  fuffixed 
with  1 ;  No.  2.  of  the  fame  fe&ion. 

9.  wm  is  a  mafc.  noun  fing.  fuffixed  with  U,  fignify- 
ing our  ;  §  VII.  1. 

10.  1#*H,  is  a  mafc.  noun  fing.  fuffixed  with  \  bis  ; 
§  VII.  1. 

11.  O  is  a  prefix,  fignifying  out  of.  on  WtfDEft  is  a  fern, 
noun  plur.  fuffixed  with  OH,  fignifying  their  ;  §  VII. 
3.  The  fing.  is  mJDD,  found  in  the  Lexicon  under 
the  root  "UD. 

12.  mawi  is  a  verb  Pe  Aleph  ;  §  IX.  3.  found  in  the 
third  per.  fing.  of  the  future  of  Kal,  prefixed  with  % 
which  converts  the  future  into  the  preter  ;  §  VIII. 
10. — D^n^K  is  a  mafc.  noun  plur.  with  which  HEJO 
agrees  ;    §  XIII.  20. 

13.  JttD  is  a  verb  Lamed  Nun  ;  §  IX.  32.  found  in  the 
third  per.  fing.  preter  of  Kal,  agreeing  with  HT\  un- 
derftood  ;  §  VI.  3. — n^CJ^  is  a  gerund  in  Lamed  ^ 
§  VIII.  13.  Dyn  is  a  mafc.  noun  fing.  prefixed 
with  n,  fignifying  the. 


A  HEBREW  GRAMMAR. 


Exercise  III. — Ffalm  L 


Verfe  i. 

ow&n  THsn  o'ytsn  myra 


Verfe  i, 
BlefTed  is  the  man  who 
walketh  not  in  the  coun- 
fel  of  the  ungodly,  nor 
ftandeth  in  the  way  of  tin- 
ners, nor  fitteth  in  the  feat 
of  the  fcornful. 


Verfe  2. 
But  his  delight  is  in  the 
law  of  the  Lord  ;  and  in 
his  law  doth   he  meditate 
day  and  night. 


A  HEBREW  GRAMMAR. 

EXPLANATIONS. 

for.  i .  *H#K  is  a  mafc.  noun  plur.  in  regimen,  com- 
ing before  t^KPl,  §  IV.  1 8.  The  phrafe,  C^KPl  •nttfK, 
literally,  in  Englilh,  is,  O  the  bleflednefles  of  the  man. 

"H^K  wants  the  fing.  numb. tJ^KPl  is  a  mafc.  noun 

fing.  prefixed  with  PI,  fignifying  the  ;  ,§  V.  3. n£?K 

is  a  relative  pronoun  ;  §  VI.  6. N1?  is  a  particle  ;  § 

III.  4.  and  §  XII.  1. "ppi  is  a  regular  verb,  found  in 

the  third  per.  fing.  mafc.  of  the  preter  of  Kal ;  §  VIII. 
8. H2f  JJ3  is  a  fern,  noun  fing.  prefixed  with  D,  fig- 
nifying in.     It  is  in  regimen,  as  it  comes  before  D^?£V% 

which  is  an  adjective  plur.  mafc.  ufed  fubftantively. 

TVO"!  is  a  mafc.  noun  fing.  in  regimen,   prefixed  with 

%  fignifying  and,  and  with  D,  fignifying  in. D^Ktin 

is  a  mafc.  noun  plur.  abfolute  ;  or,  rather  a  participle 
mafc.  plur.  abfolute  of  Kal,  from  \\\$U,toJin,  ufed  fubftan- 
tively.  ftS  is  a  particle,  as  above. T^y  is  a  reg- 
ular verb,  found  in  the  third  perfon  fing.  mafc.  of  the 
preter  of  Kal. Dg^DD;i  is  a  mafc.  noun  fing.  in  reg- 
imen, coming  before  CD^4?.  It  is  prefixed  with  %  figni- 
fying and,  and  with  D,  fignifying  in. a^'b  is  a  mafc. 

noun  plur.  abfolute. N*7  is  a  particle,  as  above. 

S£^  is  a  verb  Pe  Yod,  found  in  the  third  perfon  fing, 
mafc.  of  the  preter  of  Kal  ;  §  IX.  4. 

Yer.  2.  ^  and  aK  are  particles.     Joined,  as  in  this 

place,  they  fignify  certainly,  or,  but  in  truth. mVQ 

is  a  fern,  noun  fing.  in  regimen,  prefixed  with  S,  figni- 
fying in. PiW  is  a  mafc.   noun  fing.  with  a  fern. 

termination  ;    §  IV.  6.  Note.     It  is  abfolute. tfsn 

is  a  mafc.  noun  fing.  fufBxed  with  %  fignifying  his. 

^n^n^l  is  a  fern,  noun  fing.  prefixed  with  %  fignifying 
and,   and  with   S,  fignifying  in  ;   and  fufhxed  with  \ 

fignifying  his. PUPP  is  a  verb  Lamed  He,  in   the 

third  perfon  fing.  mafc.  future  of  Kal  ;  §  IX.  22. 

DOT,  by  day  ;  in  the  day  time.     It  is  in  the  form  of  a 

particle,   from  Di\  a  day. 7frh\  is  a  fern,   noun 

fing.  abfolute,  prefixed  with  \ 


5° 


A  HEBREW  GRAMMAR. 


Verfe  3. 

■mya  :m  *fi9  *iu?k  »>& 


F<?r/£  3. 
And  he  fhall  be  like  a 
tree  planted  by  the  rivers 
of  water,  that  bringeth 
forth  his  fruit  in  his  fea- 
fon  ;  his  leaf  alfo  fhall  not 
wither ;  and  whatfoever 
he  doth  fhall  profper. 


Verfe  4. 

t  rm  umn  nttfK 


F^r/^  4. 
The  ungodly   are   not 
fo  ;  but  are  like  the  chaff 
which  the  wind  driveth  a- 


way. 


A  HEBREW  GRAMMAR.  51 

EXPLANATIONS, 

Ver.  3*  rr>m  is  a  verb  Lamed  He  ;  §  IX.  22.  It  is 
found  in  the  third  perfon  ling.  mafc.  of  the  preter  of 
Kal,  converted  into  the  future  by  the  prefix  1 ;  §  VIII. 

10.     It  agrees  with  *OPl  underftood  ;  §  VI.  3. fjD 

is  a  mafc.  noun  fing.  prefixed  with  2,  fignifying  as* 
bin{£f  is  a  paflive  participle  of  Kal,  from  the  reg- 
ular verb   bn&%  and    declined    like  STO  ;    §  IV.  32. 

by  is  a  particle. 1JPE  is  a  mafc.  noun  plur.  in 

regimen. tD*>E  is  a  mafc.  noun  plur.  abfolute.     It  is 

irregularly  declined;  §  IV.  31. I^K  is  a  relative 

pronoun  ;  §  VI.  6. VHS  is  a  mafc.  noun  fing.  fuf- 

fixed  with  %  fignifying  his, TP  is  a  verb  Pe  Nun 

and  Lamed  Nun  ;  §  IX.  2.  32.  and  33.  It  is  found  in 
the  third  per.  fing.  mafc.  of  the  future  of  Kal  ;  §  XIII. 

18. IHJD  is  a  feminine  noun  fing.  prefixed  with  D, 

and  fufrixed  with  V  In  the  plur.  it  is  ED\ny  and  mny. 
inbyi  is  a  mafc.  noun  with  a  feminine  termina- 
tion ;  §  IV.  6.  Note.  It  is  declined  §  IV.  31.  prefix- 
ed with  %  and  fufrixed  with  in  \  §  VII.  4. K7  is  a 

particle  ;  explained  above. — — bW  is  a  verb  Pe  Nun, 
found  in  the  third  per.  fing.   mafc.  of  the  future  of 

Kal ;  §  IX.   28. bfcl  is   an  adje&h-e  undeclined, 

fing.  and  plur.  prefixed  with  \ n£*K  juft  explained. 

T\Wy*  is  a  verb  Lamed  He,  found  in   the  third 

per.  fing.  mafc.  of  the  future  of  Kal. Pl^V  is  a 

regular  verb,  found  in  the  third  per.  fing.  mafc.  of 
Hiphil. 

Ver.  4.     Kb  and  p  are  particles.     They  have  been 

explained   above. O^yc^n  is   an   adjective  plur. 

mafc.  prefixed   with  T\ ;   it  is  ufed  fubftantively. 

OK  *>2  are  particles  ;   explained  above. ?TOD  is  a 

mafculine  noun    fing.    prefixed  with  *D.- n&'K  is  a 

relative  pronoun. U~nn  is  a  verb  Pe  Nun,  found 

in  the  third  perfon  fing.  fern,  of  the  future  of  Kal,  fuf- 
fixed  with  V;  §  X.  1.  It  agrees  with  ITH,  which  is 
fern,  with  a  mafc.  termination  ;  §  IV.  2 1 .  Note  2d. 


52 


A  HEBREW  GRAMMAR. 


Verfe  5. 


Verfe  6. 

o^-nt  m  BW  jhy»  ■£ 
:  -can  enyen  tva 


F<?r/£  5. 
Therefore  the  ungodly 
fhall  not  {land  in  the  judg- 
ment, nor  finners  in  the 
congregation  of  the  righ* 
teous. 


Verfe  6. 
For  the  Lord  knoweth 
the  way  of  the  righteous  : 
but  the  way  of  the  ungod- 
ly fhall  perifh. 


A  HEBREW  GRAMMAR.  53 

EXPLANATIONS. 

Ver.  5.  ty,  p,  and  nS  are  particles.     They  have 

been  explained. iBp   is  a  verb  Oin  Vau  from 

CDlp  ;  found  in  the  third  perfon  plur.  mafc.  of  the  fu- 
ture of  Kal  ;  §  IX.  15. O^UH  has  been  explain- 
ed verfe   1.  and  4. 63£t#D3  is  a  mafculine  noun 

lingular,  prefixed  with   D. CPEm  is  a  mafculine 

noun  plural,  prefixed  with  V— — mjD  is  a  feminine 
noun  fingular,  prefixed  with  2,  declined  like  "Hlr  ;  § 
IV.  28.  It  is  in  regimen,  as  it  comes  before  C^Hlf. 
p^pIV  is  an  adjective  plural  mafc.  declined  like 
31B    §    IV.   32. 


Ver.  6.  >S  is  a  particle. JJW  is  an  active  parti- 
ciple of  Kal,  from  the  verb  Pe  Yod  JH\  It  is  de- 
clined like  Dtt:  §  IV.  32.     See  alfo  §  XIII.  22. 

TH  is  a  noun  with  a  mafculine  termination  ;  but  it  is 

frequently  feminine.     It  is  here  in  regimen. 

CD^IV  is  an  adjective,  explained  above. TH%  pre- 
fixed with  %  juft  explained.— — SD^ttH  explained. 
*OKn  is  a  verb  Pe  Aleph,  from  *DN.  It  is 
found  in  the  third  perfon  fingular  feminine  of  the  future 
of  Kal  ;  and  it  agrees  with  fH  ;  §  IV.  21.   Note  2d. 


H 


54  A  HEBREW  GRAMMAR. 


REMARKS  ON  THE  READING  OF  HEBREW. 

It  has  been  afferted,  thit  all  the  letters  of  the  Hebrew  alphabet 
sre  confonants,  and  that  the  vowels  are  marked  by  certain  figos, 
called  points  :  as,  kametz  or  kamets,  ^,  ba  ;  patach  or  pathah,  $* 

T 

ba  ;  chateph-patach  or  hateph-pathah,  ^  ,    a,  &c. 

But,  what  reafon  can  be  offered,  why  a.  in  Greek,  and  a  in  En- 

flifh  and  Latin,  mould  be  acknowledged  as  vowels,  while  a  in  He- 
rew  is  not,  although  the  former  have  their  fhape  and  place  in  the 
alphabet  from  the  latter  ? 

K,  n,  T,  S  and  Vi  together  with  the  found  of  e,  according  to  the 
directions  in  Seel:.  I.  of  this  Grammar,  furnifh  us  with  all  the  vowel- 
founds  which  are  requifite  to  read  Hebrew  with  accuracy.  This 
mode  of  reading  is  very  fimple  and  eafy ;  whereas  the  Maforetic 
pointing  has  unneceffarily  multiplied  the  inflections  of  nouns  and 
verbs,  and,  on  various  accounts,  is  difficult  and  perplexing. 


The  following  obfervations  are  taken  from  Wilson's 
Elements  of  Hebrew  Grammar. 

This  method  of  ufing  marks  for  vowels  was  adopted  by  a  fet  of 
Jewifh  critics,  called  Maforites,*  who  flourifhed  after  the  com- 
mencement of  the  Chriftian  sera. 

Thefe  men  beftowed  much  pains  upon  the  text  of  the  Old  Tef- 
tament,  particularly  that  portion  of  it  which  was  named  the  law. 
Their  labor,  indeed,  did  not  penetrate  very  deep.  They  afford  us 
little  or  no  affiftance  in  the  inveftigation  of  the  true  fenfe  of  Scrip- 
ture, 

In  vain  do  we  feek  from  them  the  folution  of  difficulties,  the 
elucidation  of  obfeure  paffages,  or  any  ufeful  information  concern- 
ing the  manners  and  cuftoms  of  their  anceftors.  Their  time  was 
chiefly  fpent  in  giving  directions  about  the  pronunciation  or  fpell- 
ing  of  the  language,  about  the  manner  in  which  it  ought  to  be 
read,  in  numbering  the  fyllables  and  words  of  particular  books,  and 
in  attempting  to  unfold  the  myfteries,  or  rather  fuperllitious  fables, 


*  The  name  is  borrowed  from  a  word  tha*.  fignifics  tradition.     Mafora,  a 
arritic  on  the  text  of  the  Old  Teftament,  principally  founded  on  tradition. 


A  HEBREW  GRAMMAR.  55 

hid  under  the  veil  of  inverted,  enlarged,  or  diminijhed  letters.  Their 
attempts  to  affix  points  or  marks  to  the  Hebrew  letters,  with  an  in- 
tention to  fupply  the  defects  of  vowel-letters  in  the  original  text, 
appeared  in  the  ffth  century.  Thefe  attempts  continued  to  in- 
creafe  till  about  the  tenth,  at  which  period,  it  is  generally  thought, 
this  art  attained  its  perfection.* 

The  matter  has  been  agitated  with  keennefs  and  acrimony. 
Heat  and  paflion  have  been  introduced  into  a  controverfy  of  little 
or  no  importance  :  for,  whether  we  read  with  or  without  vowel- 
points,  the  fenfe  and  meaning  of  the  language  muft  entirely  depend 
upon  the  written  characters,  deftitute  of  points  and  accents,  as  they 
ftill  remain  in  the  moll  ancient  and  authentic  manufcripts.  The 
Jews  have  never  fuffered  the  manufcripts,  which  are  preferved  in 
their  fynagogues  for  the  purpofes  of  religious  worfhip,  to  be  dif- 
figured  with  points. 

Every  one  acquainted  with  Hebrew  knows,  that  the  whole  ftruc- 
ture  of  the  language  is  independent  cf  them,  and  can  be  much  more 
eafily  learned,   and  much  better  underftcod,   without  than   with 
them.f 

The  vowel-marks  are  no  indications  to  us  of  the  antient 
founds  of  the  language.  \_See  Bijhop  Hare's  Prolegomena  in 
Pfalmos.~]  Thefe  founds  have  vanilhed,  like  the  breath  of 
thofe  who  uttered  them  ;  and  no  tradition  could  either  arreft  or 
tranfmit  them.  We  are  at  liberty  to  invent  founds  for  ourfelves, 
and  no  objection  can  lie  againft  this  expedient,  if  we  employ  them 
only  for  the  purpofes  of  pronunciation,  not  to  alter  the  radical 
parts  of  the  words,  not  to  determine  their  fignification,  nor  to  con- 
found the  original  principles  of  the  grammar,  as  the  inventors  of 
points  have  done. 

It  is  a  favorite  argument  with  the  advocates  for  the  vowel-points, 
that  without  their  afiiftance,  the  fenfe  of  a  vaft  number  of  words 
would  be  left  in  a  fluctuating  and  uncertain  ftate — that,  on  this  ac- 
count, they  are  abfolutely  neceflary  to  prevent  ambiguities  in  the 
language. 

A  very  little  reflection  will  fhew  the  weaknefs  of  this  argument. 
It  is  the  unavoidable  fate  of  all  languages  to  be  liable  to  ambigui- 
ties. The  Hebrew  is  not  more  fo  than  any  other.  But  thefe  am- 
biguities muft  be  refolved  by  an  inyeftigation  of  the  fenfe  of  the 
period,  by  confidering  the  difpoiition  and  connection  of  the  words, 
and  not  by  points  and  marks,  which  particular  perfons  may  im- 
pofe.J 


*  Pages  30.  and  31.  third  Edit.  Edinburgh. 

t  Page  35. 

I  Pages  61.  and  62. 


56  A  HEBREW  GRAMMAR. 

To  thefe  I  add  the  following  obfervations  of  Arias  Mon- 
tanus,  the  compiler  of  the  Interlinear  Bible. 

Quas  punctis  five  vocalibus  exemplaria  carent,  variam  le&ionent 
admittere  poffunt,  idque  non  promifcue  et  paffim,  verum  quibufdam 
in  locis  ac  verbis  accidit,  ex  varia  adjun&ione  vocalium  in  fcripto 
vel  pronunciatione.  Ut  fi  quifpiam  his  Latinis  Iiteris  f  r  p  n  t  m  in- 
terferat  vocales  e  e  e,ferpentem  efficiet ;  fi  vero  poftremoloco  u  po- 
nat,  &ctt  ferpentum.* 


*  Vid.  Benedi&i  Arise  Montani  de  varia  Hebraicorum.  Librorum  Scriptione 
ct  le&ione  Comment. 


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